Tourism, while often seen as a boon, can sometimes spark or exacerbate conflict. Let SIXT.VN, your trusted travel partner in Vietnam, guide you through the intricate relationship between tourism and conflict and explore how mindful travel can make a difference. Discover Vietnam responsibly with insights into conflict resolution.
1. What are the Ways Tourism Can Trigger Conflict?
Tourism can inadvertently contribute to conflict through various mechanisms, including resource competition, cultural clashes, economic disparities, and political manipulation. These impacts require understanding to promote sustainable and peaceful tourism practices.
1.1. How Does Competition for Resources Fuel Tension?
Tourism development often leads to increased demand for natural resources such as water, land, and energy. When local communities are excluded from accessing these resources or when their traditional rights are ignored, it can create resentment and conflict.
- Water Scarcity: Tourism-related water consumption (hotels, golf courses) can deplete local water sources, leaving communities with less water for agriculture and daily needs.
- Land Grabbing: Tourism projects may require land acquisition, displacing local populations and disrupting traditional livelihoods.
- Environmental Degradation: Uncontrolled tourism can damage fragile ecosystems, impacting the resources that local communities depend on.
1.2. In What Ways do Cultural Clashes Emerge Due to Tourism?
The interaction between tourists and local communities can sometimes lead to cultural misunderstandings, disrespect for local customs, and the commodification of cultural heritage.
- Demonstration Effect: Exposure to different lifestyles and values can lead to resentment or a desire to emulate the perceived affluence of tourists.
- Commodification of Culture: Traditional ceremonies and cultural practices may be altered or staged for tourist consumption, diminishing their authenticity and cultural significance.
- Disrespect for Local Norms: Tourists may unknowingly or deliberately violate local customs and traditions, causing offense and friction.
1.3. How Do Economic Disparities Resulting from Tourism Contribute to Conflict?
While tourism can bring economic benefits, these benefits are often unevenly distributed, creating or exacerbating inequalities between local communities and tourism operators.
- Job Displacement: Tourism development can displace traditional economic activities, such as agriculture and fishing, without providing adequate alternative employment opportunities.
- Wage Disparities: Tourism jobs are often low-paying and seasonal, with limited opportunities for advancement.
- Leakage of Revenue: Much of the revenue generated by tourism may flow out of the local community to foreign-owned companies or wealthy elites.
1.4. What Role Does Political Manipulation Play in Tourism-Related Conflicts?
Governments or powerful interest groups may exploit tourism for political gain, using it to justify the suppression of dissent or the marginalization of certain communities.
- Greenwashing: Governments may promote tourism as environmentally friendly while ignoring the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.
- Propaganda: Tourism can be used to promote a particular political narrative or to whitewash human rights abuses.
- Exclusion of Marginalized Communities: Tourism development may exclude or marginalize indigenous or minority communities, further exacerbating existing grievances.
2. Can Specific Examples Illustrate How Tourism Can Cause Conflict?
Yes, let’s examine some real-world examples that highlight the potential for tourism to trigger or worsen existing conflicts.
2.1. How Did Tourism Contribute to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?
Tourism in the region has been a source of contention, particularly regarding access to holy sites and the unequal distribution of tourism benefits.
- Control of Holy Sites: Disputes over access to and control of holy sites in Jerusalem have been a major source of conflict between Israelis and Palestinians.
- Unequal Benefits: Israeli-owned tourism businesses often benefit disproportionately from tourism in the region, while Palestinian communities are marginalized.
- Tourism as a Political Tool: The Israeli government has used tourism to promote its narrative of the conflict and to assert its control over disputed territories.
2.2. How Did Tourism Intensify Tensions in Thailand?
The rapid expansion of tourism in Thailand has led to environmental degradation, displacement of local communities, and cultural clashes, contributing to social and political tensions.
- Land Conflicts: Tourism development has led to land grabbing and forced evictions, particularly in coastal areas and national parks.
- Environmental Damage: Uncontrolled tourism has damaged coral reefs, polluted beaches, and depleted water resources, impacting the livelihoods of local communities.
- Cultural Commodification: The commercialization of Thai culture has led to concerns about the loss of authenticity and the exploitation of local communities.
2.3. How Did Tourism Affect Indigenous Communities in Latin America?
In many Latin American countries, tourism has had a negative impact on indigenous communities, leading to the loss of land, cultural erosion, and social disruption.
- Loss of Land: Tourism projects have often been developed on indigenous lands without the consent of local communities, leading to displacement and loss of traditional livelihoods.
- Cultural Erosion: Exposure to Western culture and values has led to the erosion of traditional indigenous cultures and languages.
- Exploitation of Indigenous Labor: Indigenous people are often employed in low-paying tourism jobs with limited opportunities for advancement.
2.4. How Does the Construction of Tourist Resorts on Coastlines Lead to Conflict?
Building tourist resorts on coastlines can lead to conflict through several mechanisms, primarily involving the displacement of local communities, environmental degradation, and inequitable distribution of benefits. Here’s how:
- Displacement of Local Communities:
- Land Acquisition: The construction of resorts often requires acquiring land, which can lead to the displacement of local communities who have lived and depended on these areas for generations. This displacement can result in loss of homes, agricultural land, and access to natural resources.
- Loss of Livelihoods: Coastal communities often rely on fishing and small-scale agriculture. The construction of resorts can restrict access to the sea and arable land, undermining their traditional livelihoods.
- Environmental Degradation:
- Habitat Destruction: Construction activities can destroy coastal habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, and wetlands, which are vital for biodiversity and coastal protection.
- Pollution: Resort operations can generate significant pollution, including sewage, solid waste, and chemical runoff, which can contaminate water sources, harm marine life, and degrade the overall environment.
- Inequitable Distribution of Benefits:
- Economic Disparities: While resorts may create some jobs, these are often low-paying and seasonal. The majority of the economic benefits tend to accrue to the resort owners, who may be foreign investors or wealthy elites, exacerbating economic disparities with local communities.
- Limited Access to Amenities: Local communities may find their access to beaches and coastal amenities restricted or privatized, leading to resentment and conflict.
- Cultural Conflicts:
- Commodification of Culture: The influx of tourists can lead to the commodification of local culture, where traditions and practices are altered or staged for tourist consumption, undermining their authenticity.
- Erosion of Values: Exposure to different values and lifestyles can sometimes lead to cultural misunderstandings and social tensions between tourists and local residents.
3. What are the Underlying Causes of Tourism-Related Conflicts?
Several factors contribute to the emergence and escalation of conflicts related to tourism. Understanding these underlying causes is crucial for developing effective conflict prevention and resolution strategies.
3.1. How Does Lack of Transparency and Participation Fuel Conflict?
When tourism development decisions are made without consulting local communities or providing them with adequate information, it can create mistrust and resentment.
- Lack of Consultation: Communities may be excluded from the planning process, leading to projects that do not meet their needs or respect their rights.
- Lack of Information: Insufficient information about the potential impacts of tourism development can lead to misunderstandings and resistance.
- Lack of Accountability: Tourism operators may not be held accountable for the social and environmental impacts of their activities.
3.2. What Role Do Unequal Power Dynamics Play in Tourism-Related Conflicts?
Power imbalances between tourism operators, governments, and local communities can lead to the exploitation and marginalization of vulnerable groups.
- Weak Governance: Weak regulatory frameworks and lack of enforcement can allow tourism operators to disregard environmental and social safeguards.
- Corruption: Corruption can facilitate land grabbing, bribery, and other illegal activities that benefit tourism operators at the expense of local communities.
- Lack of Legal Protection: Local communities may lack legal protection for their land rights, cultural heritage, and other assets.
3.3. How Does Unsustainable Tourism Development Contribute to Conflict?
Tourism that is not environmentally sustainable or socially responsible can deplete resources, damage ecosystems, and disrupt local communities, increasing the risk of conflict.
- Overdevelopment: Excessive tourism development can strain infrastructure, deplete resources, and degrade the environment.
- Lack of Planning: Poorly planned tourism development can lead to haphazard growth, congestion, and social problems.
- Short-Term Focus: A focus on short-term economic gains can lead to the neglect of long-term environmental and social sustainability.
4. How Can Tourism Be Managed to Minimize Conflict?
There are several strategies that can be implemented to minimize the potential for tourism to cause conflict and to promote more sustainable and equitable tourism development.
4.1. What is the Significance of Community-Based Tourism?
Community-based tourism (CBT) is a model that prioritizes the involvement and benefit of local communities in tourism development.
- Local Ownership: CBT projects are owned and managed by local communities, ensuring that they have control over tourism resources and decision-making.
- Equitable Distribution of Benefits: CBT projects aim to distribute the economic benefits of tourism more equitably among local community members.
- Cultural Preservation: CBT projects often promote the preservation and celebration of local cultures and traditions.
4.2. How Can Stakeholder Engagement be Improved?
Engaging all stakeholders, including local communities, tourism operators, governments, and NGOs, in tourism planning and decision-making can help to ensure that tourism development is inclusive and sustainable.
- Participatory Planning: Involving local communities in the planning process from the outset can help to ensure that their needs and concerns are taken into account.
- Dialogue and Negotiation: Creating platforms for dialogue and negotiation between different stakeholders can help to resolve conflicts and build consensus.
- Transparency and Access to Information: Providing stakeholders with access to information about tourism development plans and impacts can help to promote trust and accountability.
4.3. What Role Does Sustainable Tourism Practices Play?
Adopting sustainable tourism practices can help to minimize the negative environmental and social impacts of tourism and to ensure that tourism benefits local communities.
- Environmental Protection: Implementing measures to protect natural resources, reduce pollution, and conserve biodiversity.
- Social Responsibility: Respecting local cultures, promoting fair labor practices, and supporting community development initiatives.
- Economic Viability: Ensuring that tourism is economically viable in the long term and that it benefits local communities.
4.4. What Policies Can Promote Responsible Land Use and Resource Management?
Implementing policies that promote responsible land use and resource management can help to prevent land grabbing, protect ecosystems, and ensure that local communities have access to the resources they need.
- Land Tenure Reform: Recognizing and protecting the land rights of local communities.
- Environmental Impact Assessments: Conducting thorough environmental impact assessments before approving tourism projects.
- Water Management Plans: Developing and implementing water management plans that ensure the sustainable use of water resources.
5. How Can Tourists Contribute to Conflict Prevention?
Tourists can play an active role in preventing conflict by being mindful of their impact on local communities and by supporting responsible tourism practices.
5.1. What Does it Mean to Be a Respectful Traveler?
Being a respectful traveler involves being aware of local customs, traditions, and values, and behaving in a way that is sensitive to these cultural differences.
- Learn About Local Culture: Before traveling to a new destination, take the time to learn about local customs, traditions, and etiquette.
- Dress Appropriately: Dress modestly and respectfully, particularly when visiting religious sites or rural areas.
- Ask Permission: Always ask permission before taking photos of people or entering private property.
5.2. How Can Tourists Support Local Businesses?
Supporting local businesses can help to ensure that the economic benefits of tourism flow directly to local communities.
- Eat at Local Restaurants: Choose to eat at locally owned restaurants that serve traditional cuisine.
- Shop at Local Markets: Buy souvenirs and handicrafts from local markets and artisan shops.
- Stay at Locally Owned Accommodations: Choose to stay at locally owned guesthouses or homestays rather than international hotel chains.
5.3. What Role Do Sustainable Tour Operators Play?
Choosing to travel with sustainable tour operators can help to ensure that your tourism activities are environmentally and socially responsible.
- Look for Certifications: Choose tour operators that are certified by reputable sustainable tourism organizations.
- Ask Questions: Ask tour operators about their environmental and social policies and practices.
- Support Community-Based Initiatives: Choose tour operators that support community-based tourism initiatives and projects.
5.4. Can Educating Yourself About Local Issues Make a Difference?
Educating yourself about the social, environmental, and political issues facing local communities can help you to be a more informed and responsible traveler.
- Read Local News: Stay informed about current events and issues in the destinations you are visiting.
- Talk to Locals: Engage in conversations with local people to learn about their experiences and perspectives.
- Support Local NGOs: Consider supporting local NGOs that are working to address social and environmental problems.
6. What are the Key Strategies for Conflict Resolution in Tourism?
When conflicts do arise, it is important to have effective mechanisms in place for resolving them peacefully and fairly.
6.1. How Important Is Mediation and Dialogue?
Mediation and dialogue can provide a neutral forum for parties in conflict to come together and find common ground.
- Independent Mediators: Engaging independent mediators can help to facilitate communication and build trust between parties.
- Structured Dialogue: Creating structured dialogue processes can help to ensure that all voices are heard and that all issues are addressed.
- Focus on Common Interests: Identifying common interests and shared goals can help to bridge divides and find mutually acceptable solutions.
6.2. How Can Grievance Mechanisms Be Implemented?
Establishing grievance mechanisms can provide a formal channel for local communities to voice their concerns and seek redress for grievances related to tourism development.
- Accessible Procedures: Ensuring that grievance procedures are accessible, transparent, and culturally appropriate.
- Independent Review: Establishing an independent review body to investigate grievances and make recommendations for resolution.
- Remedial Action: Providing effective remedies for legitimate grievances, such as compensation, restitution, or policy changes.
6.3. What Legal and Policy Frameworks Can be Developed?
Strengthening legal and policy frameworks can help to protect the rights of local communities and to ensure that tourism development is sustainable and equitable.
- Land Rights Legislation: Enacting legislation that recognizes and protects the land rights of local communities.
- Environmental Regulations: Enacting and enforcing environmental regulations that protect ecosystems and prevent pollution.
- Tourism Codes of Conduct: Developing tourism codes of conduct that promote responsible tourism practices and respect for local cultures.
6.4. Why Is Collaboration Among Stakeholders Essential?
Building strong partnerships and fostering collaboration among all stakeholders is essential for effective conflict resolution and sustainable tourism development.
- Joint Planning Initiatives: Engaging in joint planning initiatives that involve local communities, tourism operators, governments, and NGOs.
- Shared Resource Management: Developing shared resource management strategies that ensure the sustainable use of resources for the benefit of all stakeholders.
- Cross-Sectoral Collaboration: Fostering collaboration between different sectors, such as tourism, environment, and social development, to address the complex challenges of sustainable tourism.
7. What is the Role of Technology in Mitigating Conflict in Tourism?
Technology can be a powerful tool for promoting transparency, facilitating communication, and empowering local communities in tourism.
7.1. How Can Mobile Apps Empower Local Communities?
Mobile apps can provide local communities with access to information, resources, and opportunities related to tourism.
- Information Sharing: Apps can be used to share information about tourism development plans, environmental regulations, and community initiatives.
- Market Access: Apps can connect local businesses and artisans with tourists, providing them with access to new markets.
- Feedback Mechanisms: Apps can be used to collect feedback from tourists and local communities about tourism services and impacts.
7.2. Can Online Platforms Promote Transparency?
Online platforms can provide a transparent and accessible way for stakeholders to share information and track progress on sustainable tourism initiatives.
- Data Visualization: Platforms can be used to visualize data on tourism impacts, such as environmental indicators, economic benefits, and social impacts.
- Reporting Mechanisms: Platforms can provide mechanisms for reporting grievances, tracking progress on conflict resolution, and ensuring accountability.
- Collaborative Planning Tools: Platforms can be used to facilitate collaborative planning and decision-making among stakeholders.
7.3. What Impact Do Social Media and Citizen Journalism Have?
Social media and citizen journalism can provide a platform for local communities to voice their concerns, share their stories, and hold tourism operators accountable.
- Raising Awareness: Social media can be used to raise awareness about the social and environmental impacts of tourism.
- Amplifying Local Voices: Social media can amplify the voices of local communities and marginalized groups.
- Monitoring and Reporting: Citizen journalists can use social media to monitor tourism activities and report on environmental or social abuses.
7.4. How Can Virtual Reality Provide Immersive Experiences?
Virtual reality (VR) can provide immersive experiences that allow tourists to learn about local cultures, ecosystems, and social issues in a more engaging and meaningful way.
- Cultural Heritage Preservation: VR can be used to preserve and showcase cultural heritage sites that are threatened by tourism development or conflict.
- Environmental Education: VR can be used to educate tourists about the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable tourism practices.
- Empathy Building: VR can be used to promote empathy and understanding between tourists and local communities.
8. What are the Ethical Considerations in Conflict-Sensitive Tourism?
Ethical considerations are paramount in conflict-sensitive tourism to ensure that tourism does not exacerbate existing tensions or contribute to human rights abuses.
8.1. How Can “Do No Harm” Principle Be Applied?
The “do no harm” principle requires that tourism operators and tourists take steps to avoid causing harm to local communities or exacerbating existing conflicts.
- Conflict Analysis: Conducting a thorough conflict analysis before engaging in tourism activities.
- Respect for Human Rights: Ensuring that all tourism activities respect human rights and do not contribute to human rights abuses.
- Minimizing Negative Impacts: Taking steps to minimize the negative social, environmental, and economic impacts of tourism.
8.2. How Should Cultural Sensitivity Be Approached?
Cultural sensitivity involves being aware of and respecting the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of local communities.
- Consultation and Consent: Seeking the free, prior, and informed consent of local communities before engaging in tourism activities on their lands or territories.
- Respect for Cultural Heritage: Protecting and preserving cultural heritage sites and traditions.
- Appropriate Behavior: Behaving in a way that is respectful of local customs and traditions.
8.3. What Is The Significance of Equitable Benefit Sharing?
Equitable benefit sharing ensures that local communities receive a fair share of the economic benefits generated by tourism.
- Fair Wages and Working Conditions: Providing fair wages and working conditions for local employees in the tourism sector.
- Community Development Projects: Investing in community development projects that benefit local communities.
- Revenue Sharing Agreements: Establishing revenue sharing agreements that ensure that local communities receive a percentage of tourism revenues.
8.4. How To Address Power Imbalances in Tourism?
Addressing power imbalances involves taking steps to empower local communities and to ensure that they have a voice in tourism decision-making.
- Capacity Building: Providing training and resources to local communities to enable them to participate effectively in tourism development.
- Advocacy and Support: Supporting local organizations that advocate for the rights of local communities.
- Policy Reform: Advocating for policy reforms that address power imbalances and promote equitable tourism development.
9. Can We Explore Case Studies of Successful Conflict Mitigation in Tourism?
Examining successful case studies can provide valuable insights and lessons learned for promoting conflict-sensitive tourism.
9.1. How Did Rwanda Use Tourism for Reconciliation?
Rwanda has used tourism as a tool for reconciliation and healing after the 1994 genocide.
- Genocide Memorial Tourism: Developing genocide memorial tourism to educate visitors about the genocide and to promote reconciliation.
- Community-Based Tourism Initiatives: Supporting community-based tourism initiatives that bring together members of different ethnic groups.
- Peacebuilding Programs: Implementing peacebuilding programs that promote dialogue, understanding, and forgiveness.
9.2. How Did Costa Rica Promote Ecotourism and Conservation?
Costa Rica has successfully promoted ecotourism and conservation, minimizing conflict between tourism development and environmental protection.
- National Parks and Protected Areas: Establishing a network of national parks and protected areas to conserve biodiversity and protect natural resources.
- Sustainable Tourism Certification: Implementing a sustainable tourism certification program to promote responsible tourism practices.
- Community Involvement in Conservation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts and providing them with economic incentives to protect natural resources.
9.3. How Can the Galapagos Islands Manage Tourism Sustainably?
The Galapagos Islands have implemented strict regulations to manage tourism sustainably and minimize its impact on the fragile ecosystem.
- Limiting Tourist Numbers: Limiting the number of tourists allowed to visit the islands.
- Regulating Tourism Activities: Regulating tourism activities to minimize their impact on the environment.
- Environmental Education: Educating tourists about the importance of conservation and sustainable tourism practices.
9.4. How Can the Annapurna Region in Nepal Promote Community-Based Tourism?
The Annapurna region in Nepal has successfully promoted community-based tourism, empowering local communities and ensuring that they benefit from tourism revenues.
- Community-Run Lodges: Establishing community-run lodges that provide accommodation and services to trekkers.
- Local Guides and Porters: Employing local guides and porters to provide trekking services.
- Community Development Projects: Investing tourism revenues in community development projects, such as schools, health clinics, and infrastructure improvements.
10. What Future Directions Can Guide Conflict-Sensitive Tourism Research?
Future research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between tourism and conflict and to develop more effective strategies for promoting conflict-sensitive tourism.
10.1. How Can We Develop More Robust Methodologies for Assessing the Impacts of Tourism on Conflict?
Developing more robust methodologies for assessing the impacts of tourism on conflict is essential for understanding the complex dynamics between tourism and conflict.
- Longitudinal Studies: Conducting longitudinal studies to track the long-term impacts of tourism on conflict.
- Mixed-Methods Research: Employing mixed-methods research approaches that combine quantitative and qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between tourism and conflict.
- Participatory Research: Engaging local communities in the research process to ensure that their perspectives are taken into account.
10.2. How Can We Develop Indicators for Monitoring Conflict-Sensitive Tourism?
Developing indicators for monitoring conflict-sensitive tourism can help to track progress and identify areas where improvements are needed.
- Social Indicators: Developing indicators that measure the social impacts of tourism on local communities, such as social cohesion, cultural preservation, and human rights.
- Environmental Indicators: Developing indicators that measure the environmental impacts of tourism, such as water consumption, waste generation, and biodiversity loss.
- Economic Indicators: Developing indicators that measure the economic impacts of tourism, such as income distribution, employment opportunities, and poverty reduction.
10.3. How Can We Investigate the Role of Technology in Conflict Mitigation in Tourism?
Further research is needed to investigate the potential of technology to mitigate conflict in tourism.
- Case Studies of Technology Interventions: Conducting case studies of technology interventions that aim to promote conflict-sensitive tourism.
- Impact Assessments of Technology Use: Assessing the impacts of technology use on conflict dynamics, social cohesion, and local empowerment.
- Ethical Considerations of Technology Use: Examining the ethical considerations of using technology in conflict-sensitive tourism.
10.4. What Are The Best Strategies for Scaling Up Conflict-Sensitive Tourism Practices?
Further research is needed to identify the best strategies for scaling up conflict-sensitive tourism practices.
- Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: Examining the role of policy and regulatory frameworks in promoting conflict-sensitive tourism.
- Incentive Mechanisms: Identifying effective incentive mechanisms for encouraging tourism operators and tourists to adopt conflict-sensitive practices.
- Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building: Promoting knowledge sharing and capacity building to raise awareness and build skills for conflict-sensitive tourism.
FAQ: Understanding Tourism and Conflict
1. How does tourism contribute to environmental degradation?
Tourism can lead to increased waste, pollution, and strain on natural resources like water and energy, damaging fragile ecosystems and impacting local communities.
2. What are some examples of cultural clashes caused by tourism?
Cultural clashes can occur when tourists disrespect local customs, commodify cultural heritage, or display lifestyles that differ greatly from local norms.
3. How does economic inequality arise from tourism?
Economic inequality can arise when tourism jobs are low-paying, seasonal, and offer limited advancement, while much of the revenue benefits foreign-owned companies or wealthy elites.
4. What is community-based tourism (CBT) and how does it help?
CBT is tourism owned and managed by local communities, ensuring they control tourism resources, benefit equitably, and preserve their culture.
5. How can tourists be more respectful travelers?
Tourists can be more respectful by learning about local culture, dressing appropriately, asking permission before taking photos, and supporting local businesses.
6. What is the “do no harm” principle in tourism?
The “do no harm” principle means tourism operators and tourists should avoid causing harm to local communities or exacerbating existing conflicts.
7. How can technology help mitigate conflict in tourism?
Mobile apps can empower local communities, online platforms can promote transparency, and social media can raise awareness about tourism impacts.
8. What is equitable benefit sharing in tourism?
Equitable benefit sharing ensures local communities receive a fair share of the economic benefits generated by tourism through fair wages, community projects, and revenue-sharing agreements.
9. What role does cultural sensitivity play in ethical tourism?
Cultural sensitivity involves respecting the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of local communities, seeking their consent for tourism activities, and protecting cultural heritage.
10. How can power imbalances be addressed in tourism?
Power imbalances can be addressed by empowering local communities through capacity building, supporting advocacy organizations, and advocating for policy reforms that promote equitable tourism development.
SIXT.VN understands the importance of responsible travel. We are committed to providing travel services that support local communities, protect the environment, and promote cultural understanding. Let us help you plan a trip to Vietnam that is both enriching and sustainable. Contact us today to learn more about our responsible tourism initiatives and to book your next adventure.
Address: 260 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hotline/Whatsapp: +84 986 244 358
Website: SIXT.VN
Explore Vietnam responsibly. Book your sustainable trip with SIXT.VN today!
