Can Europeans Travel to US? A Comprehensive Guide

Are you a European planning a trip to the United States? The allure of the USA, with its iconic landmarks and diverse culture, is strong. However, understanding the travel requirements can be confusing. At SIXT.VN, we simplify your journey by providing clear guidance on visa requirements and travel options. Explore Vietnam hassle-free with our tourist consultation services, airport transfers, hotel bookings, sightseeing tickets, flight bookings, and Hanoi tours.

1. What Are the Current Travel Regulations for Europeans Traveling to the US?

Yes, Europeans can travel to the US, but they generally need to meet specific requirements, which primarily depend on the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) or obtaining a visa. The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) allows citizens of participating countries to travel to the United States for tourism, business, transit, or medical purposes for stays of up to 90 days without obtaining a visa. According to the U.S. Department of State, the VWP includes most European countries. To travel under the VWP, you must have a valid Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) approval, a machine-readable passport, and meet other eligibility requirements.

1.1. Understanding the Visa Waiver Program (VWP)

The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) is a United States program that permits citizens of 41 countries to travel to the U.S. for tourism, business, transit, or medical purposes for stays of up to 90 days without needing a visa. This program is designed to facilitate travel and enhance security by pre-screening travelers before they arrive in the U.S.

To participate in the VWP, countries must meet specific requirements related to counterterrorism, law enforcement, immigration enforcement, document security, and border control. Travelers from VWP countries must also obtain an approved Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) before their trip.

1.1.1. Key Requirements for VWP Eligibility

To be eligible for the VWP, travelers must:

• Be a citizen of a VWP-designated country.
• Possess a valid passport that meets U.S. security standards.
• Apply for and receive approval through the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA).
• Intend to stay in the U.S. for 90 days or less.
• Travel for tourism, business, transit, or medical purposes.
• Have a return or onward ticket.

European Passport for US Travel

1.1.2. European Countries Participating in the VWP

Most European countries participate in the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), which allows their citizens to travel to the United States for tourism, business, transit, or medical purposes for stays of up to 90 days without a visa. This program simplifies travel for eligible Europeans, but it’s essential to understand the specific requirements and restrictions.

Here is a list of the European countries that are currently part of the Visa Waiver Program:

1.1.3. How to Apply for ESTA

To travel to the U.S. under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), citizens of participating countries must first obtain approval through the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA). ESTA is an automated online system that determines the eligibility of visitors to travel to the United States under the VWP.

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to apply for ESTA:

1. Go to the Official ESTA Website: Start by visiting the official ESTA website. Make sure it is the official U.S. Customs and Border Protection site to avoid third-party sites that may charge extra fees.

2. Read the Instructions and Information: Before starting the application, carefully read the instructions and information provided on the website. This will help you understand the requirements and ensure you have all the necessary information.

3. Start a New Application: Click on the option to start a new application. If you are applying for a group or family, you can choose to submit a group application, which can simplify the process.

4. Complete the Application Form: Fill out the application form with accurate and honest information. You will need to provide:

   • Personal Information: Your full name, date of birth, place of birth, and contact details.
   • Passport Information: Your passport number, issue date, and expiration date.
   • Travel Information: Details about your planned travel to the U.S., including your arrival and departure dates (if known), and the address where you will be staying.
   • Eligibility Questions: Answer all eligibility questions truthfully. These questions are related to your health, criminal history, and past travel experiences.

5. Review Your Application: Before submitting, carefully review all the information you have provided to ensure it is accurate. Mistakes can lead to delays or denial of your ESTA.

6. Submit Your Application: Once you have reviewed your application and are sure it is correct, submit it. You will be prompted to pay the ESTA fee.

7. Pay the Fee: The ESTA fee can be paid online using a credit card or debit card. The fee is typically divided into a processing fee and an authorization fee.

8. Check Your ESTA Status: After submitting your application and paying the fee, you can check the status of your ESTA online. In most cases, you will receive a response within minutes, but it can sometimes take up to 72 hours.

   • Approved: If your ESTA is approved, you are authorized to travel to the U.S. under the Visa Waiver Program. It is recommended to print out the approval confirmation and bring it with you to the airport.
   • Denied: If your ESTA is denied, you will need to apply for a visa at a U.S. embassy or consulate before traveling to the U.S. The denial does not necessarily mean you are permanently barred from entering the U.S., but you will need to go through the visa application process.
   • Pending: If your ESTA is pending, it means your application is still being processed. Check back periodically for updates.

9. Update Your ESTA (If Necessary): An approved ESTA is generally valid for two years or until your passport expires, whichever comes first. You will need to apply for a new ESTA if your passport expires, or if there is a significant change in your circumstances (e.g., you change your name, gender, or citizenship).

By following these steps, you can successfully apply for ESTA and travel to the U.S. under the Visa Waiver Program. Always ensure you are using the official website and providing accurate information to avoid any issues.

1.2. Visa Requirements for Europeans

If you do not meet the requirements for the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), or if you plan to stay longer than 90 days, or for purposes other than tourism, business, transit, or medical treatment, you will need to apply for a visa. The type of visa you need depends on the purpose of your travel. According to the U.S. Department of State, common visa types include:

• Tourist Visa (B-2): For tourism, vacation, and visiting friends and relatives.
• Business Visa (B-1): For business trips, attending conferences, and negotiating contracts.
• Student Visa (F-1): For academic studies at a U.S. educational institution.
• Exchange Visitor Visa (J-1): For participating in exchange programs, such asAu Pair or scholar programs.
• Work Visa (H-1B): For specialized occupations that require theoretical or technical expertise.

US Visa Application

1.2.1. Types of US Visas

Navigating the various types of U.S. visas can be complex. Here’s an overview of the main categories and their purposes:

1. Tourist Visa (B-2):
   • Purpose: Tourism, vacation, visiting family and friends, medical treatment.
   • Typical Uses: Sightseeing, recreational travel, medical consultations, attending social events.
2. Business Visa (B-1):
   • Purpose: Business trips, attending conferences, negotiating contracts, consulting with business associates.
   • Typical Uses: Business meetings, trade shows, professional conferences, contract negotiations.
3. Student Visa (F-1):
   • Purpose: Academic studies at a U.S. educational institution (e.g., college, university, high school).
   • Typical Uses: Enrolling in degree programs, language courses, academic research.
4. Exchange Visitor Visa (J-1):
   • Purpose: Participating in exchange programs such as Au Pair, scholar programs, internships, and cultural exchanges.
   • Typical Uses: Teaching, studying, conducting research, participating in cultural exchange activities.
5. Work Visa (H-1B):
   • Purpose: Specialized occupations that require theoretical or technical expertise, typically requiring a bachelor’s degree or equivalent.
   • Typical Uses: Employment in fields such as IT, engineering, science, and medicine.
6. Treaty Trader/Investor Visa (E-1/E-2):
   • Purpose: Allows citizens of treaty countries to enter the U.S. to engage in trade or investment activities.
   • Typical Uses: Conducting substantial trade between the U.S. and the treaty country, investing a significant amount of capital in a U.S. business.
7. Crew Member Visa (D):
   • Purpose: For individuals working on ships or aircraft operating in the U.S.
   • Typical Uses: Serving as crew members on airlines, cruise ships, or other vessels.
8. Transit Visa (C):
   • Purpose: For individuals transiting through the U.S. en route to another country.
   • Typical Uses: Passing through the U.S. to reach a final destination in another country.
9. Media Visa (I):
   • Purpose: For foreign media representatives coming to the U.S. to cover news events.
   • Typical Uses: Journalists, reporters, film crews, and other media personnel covering news or documentaries.
10. Religious Worker Visa (R-1):
    • Purpose: For individuals coming to the U.S. to work in a religious occupation.
    • Typical Uses: Ministers, priests, religious teachers, and other religious workers.

1.2.2. Steps to Apply for a US Visa

Applying for a U.S. visa involves several steps to ensure all requirements are met. Here’s a detailed guide to help you through the process:

1. Determine the Correct Visa Type:
   • Identify the purpose of your travel (tourism, business, study, work, etc.).
   • Choose the appropriate visa category (e.g., B-2 for tourism, F-1 for academic study, H-1B for specialized work).
2. Complete the Online Visa Application Form (DS-160):
   • Access the online application form DS-160 on the U.S. Department of State’s Consular Electronic Application Center (CEAC) website.
   • Select the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where you plan to apply.
   • Fill out all required fields accurately. This includes personal information, passport details, travel history, and intended activities in the U.S.
   • Upload a recent photograph that meets the U.S. visa photo requirements.
   • Submit the form and print the confirmation page. You will need this page for your interview.
3. Pay the Visa Application Fee:
   • Pay the non-refundable visa application fee (also known as the Machine Readable Visa (MRV) fee). The fee amount varies depending on the type of visa.
   • Payment methods vary by country. Check the specific instructions for the U.S. Embassy or Consulate where you are applying.
   • Keep the payment receipt as proof of payment. You will need it when scheduling your interview.
4. Schedule a Visa Interview:
   • Schedule an interview at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate you selected when completing the DS-160 form.
   • The scheduling process may vary by location. Generally, you can schedule the interview online through the embassy’s website.
   • Be prepared to provide your DS-160 confirmation number, MRV fee payment receipt number, and passport information.
5. Prepare for the Visa Interview:
   • Gather all required documents for the interview. These typically include:
     • DS-160 confirmation page
     • Valid passport (with at least six months of validity beyond your intended stay in the U.S.)
     • Visa application fee payment receipt
     • Photograph (if not successfully uploaded with the DS-160 form)
     • Supporting documents that demonstrate your ties to your home country and your intent to return (e.g., proof of employment, property ownership, family ties)
     • Additional documents specific to the visa type (e.g., acceptance letter from a U.S. school for an F-1 visa, job offer letter for an H-1B visa)
   • Practice answering common visa interview questions. Be honest and concise in your responses.
6. Attend the Visa Interview:
   • Arrive on time for your interview at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate.
   • Bring all required documents with you.
   • Be prepared to answer questions about your travel plans, financial situation, and reasons for visiting the U.S.
   • The consular officer will determine your eligibility for the visa based on your application and interview.
7. Visa Approval and Passport Return:
   • If your visa is approved, the consular officer will typically keep your passport to affix the visa.
   • You will be informed of the process for retrieving your passport. This may involve picking it up in person or having it mailed to you.
   • The processing time for visa issuance can vary. Check with the U.S. Embassy or Consulate for estimated processing times.
8. Review Your Visa:
   • Once you receive your passport with the visa, carefully review the visa to ensure all information is correct.
   • Pay attention to the visa expiration date and the number of entries allowed.
9. Travel to the U.S.:
   • When you arrive at a U.S. port of entry (airport, seaport, or land border), you will be inspected by a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officer.
   • Be prepared to present your passport, visa, and any other required documents.
   • The CBP officer will determine whether to admit you into the U.S. and will stamp your entry document (I-94 form) with the date of entry and authorized period of stay.

By following these steps and providing accurate information, you can increase your chances of a successful U.S. visa application.

US Embassy

1.2.3. Common Reasons for Visa Denial

Understanding the common reasons for visa denial can help applicants avoid mistakes and increase their chances of approval. Here are some frequent reasons why a U.S. visa application might be denied:

1. Incomplete Application:
   • Failing to fill out all required fields on the DS-160 form.
   • Missing supporting documents or providing insufficient information.
2. Inaccurate Information:
   • Providing false or misleading information on the application form or during the interview.
   • Inconsistencies between the application and supporting documents.
3. Insufficient Ties to Home Country:
   • Failing to demonstrate sufficient ties to your home country, indicating a risk of overstaying in the U.S.
   • Lack of proof of employment, property ownership, family ties, or other commitments in your home country.
4. Financial Instability:
   • Inability to demonstrate sufficient funds to cover your expenses while in the U.S.
   • Concerns about becoming a public charge (dependent on government assistance) while in the U.S.
5. Previous Immigration Violations:
   • History of overstaying a previous visa, working without authorization, or violating other U.S. immigration laws.
6. Criminal History:
   • A criminal record, especially for serious offenses, can lead to visa denial.
   • Failure to disclose previous arrests or convictions.
7. Health Concerns:
   • Certain health conditions may make an applicant ineligible for a visa.
   • Failure to provide required medical examinations or vaccinations.
8. Visa Ineligibility:
   • Being ineligible for the specific visa category applied for.
   • For example, applying for a tourist visa (B-2) while intending to work in the U.S.
9. Interview Performance:
   • Poor performance during the visa interview, such as providing unclear or inconsistent answers.
   • Failure to establish credibility or convince the consular officer of your intent to comply with visa regulations.
10. Security Concerns:
    • Links to terrorism or other activities that pose a threat to U.S. national security.
    • Involvement in activities that violate U.S. laws or policies.
11. Public Charge Concerns:
    • The consular officer believes the applicant is likely to become a public charge (dependent on government assistance) while in the U.S.
12. Misrepresentation:
    • Attempting to obtain a visa through fraud or misrepresentation of facts.

To avoid visa denial, applicants should:

• Fill out the application form accurately and completely.
• Provide all required supporting documents.
• Be honest and consistent in their responses.
• Demonstrate strong ties to their home country.
• Show sufficient financial resources to cover their expenses in the U.S.
• Address any potential concerns proactively during the interview.

Understanding these common reasons for visa denial can help applicants prepare thoroughly and increase their chances of a successful visa application.

2. What is the Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015?

The Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015 introduced additional requirements for travelers using the VWP. According to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, this act affects:

• Nationals of VWP countries who have traveled to or been present in certain countries (such as North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, or Yemen) on or after March 1, 2011 (with limited exceptions for diplomatic or military purposes).
• Nationals of VWP countries who are also nationals of North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Sudan, or Syria.

These individuals may no longer be eligible to travel under the VWP and must apply for a visa.

2.1. Impact on European Travelers

For European travelers, this means if you hold dual citizenship with one of the listed countries or have traveled to these countries after March 1, 2011, you may need to apply for a visa instead of using ESTA.

2.2. How to Check ESTA Status

It is always recommended to check your ESTA status before making travel arrangements. You can do this on the official CBP website.

Check ESTA Status Online

3. What Documents Do Europeans Need to Travel to the US?

The necessary documents for European travelers to the U.S. depend on whether they are traveling under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) or with a visa. Here’s a breakdown of the required documents for each scenario:

3.1. Traveling Under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP):

1. Valid Passport:
   • Must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended period of stay in the U.S.
   • Should be a machine-readable passport.
2. Approved ESTA (Electronic System for Travel Authorization):
   • Apply for ESTA online through the official CBP website well in advance of your travel.
   • ESTA is typically valid for two years or until your passport expires, whichever comes first.
   • Carry a printed copy of your ESTA approval, although it is electronically linked to your passport.
3. Return or Onward Ticket:
   • Evidence of a return or onward ticket to a destination outside the U.S.
   • Can be an airline, cruise, or train ticket.
4. Proof of Sufficient Funds:
   • Evidence that you have sufficient funds to cover your expenses during your stay in the U.S.
   • This can include bank statements, credit card statements, or cash.
5. Address of U.S. Accommodation:
   • Information about where you will be staying in the U.S., such as hotel reservations or the address of friends or family you will be visiting.

3.2. Traveling With a Visa:

1. Valid Passport:
   • Must be valid for at least six months beyond your intended period of stay in the U.S.
2. U.S. Visa:
   • The appropriate type of visa for your purpose of travel (e.g., B-2 tourist visa, F-1 student visa, H-1B work visa).
   • The visa should be affixed to your passport.
3. DS-160 Confirmation Page:
   • A printed copy of the DS-160 confirmation page, which you received after completing the online visa application.
4. Visa Interview Appointment Letter:
   • A copy of the appointment letter for your visa interview at the U.S. Embassy or Consulate.
5. Supporting Documents:
   • Additional documents to support your visa application, which may vary depending on the visa type. Examples include:
     • For a tourist visa (B-2): Proof of travel itinerary, hotel reservations, evidence of ties to your home country (employment letter, property ownership, family ties).
     • For a student visa (F-1): Acceptance letter from a U.S. educational institution, proof of financial resources to cover tuition and living expenses.
     • For a work visa (H-1B): Job offer letter, employment contract, educational credentials.
6. Proof of Sufficient Funds:
   • Evidence that you have sufficient funds to cover your expenses during your stay in the U.S.
   • This can include bank statements, credit card statements, or cash.
7. Medical Examination Records (If Required):
   • Some visa applicants may be required to undergo a medical examination. If so, bring the medical examination records with you.

4. What Are the COVID-19 Related Travel Restrictions for Europeans?

As of 2024, the U.S. has lifted most of its COVID-19 related travel restrictions. However, it’s always important to stay updated with the latest guidelines from the CDC and U.S. Department of State before your trip.

4.1. Current CDC Guidelines

The CDC provides recommendations and guidelines for international travelers, including information on vaccinations, testing, and precautions to take during travel.

4.2. Vaccination Requirements

While vaccination requirements have been lifted, it’s advisable to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 to protect your health and others.

5. What to Expect at US Immigration and Customs?

Navigating US immigration and customs can be straightforward with the right preparation. Here’s what to expect when you arrive at a US port of entry:

5.1. Immigration Check

1. Arrival at the Port of Entry:
   • Upon arrival in the U.S. (at an airport, seaport, or land border), proceed to the immigration area.
2. Present Required Documents:
   • Present your passport and visa (if applicable) to the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officer. If traveling under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), present your passport and inform the officer that you have an approved ESTA.
3. Answer Questions:
   • The CBP officer will ask you questions about your trip, such as the purpose of your visit, how long you plan to stay, and where you will be staying. Answer truthfully and concisely.
4. Biometric Screening:
   • You will likely be required to provide fingerprints and have your photograph taken.
5. Review of Entry Documents:
   • The CBP officer will review your documents and information to determine your admissibility to the U.S.
6. Entry Stamp and I-94 Form:
   • If you are admitted, the CBP officer will stamp your passport with the date of entry and the authorized period of stay. You will also receive an electronic I-94 form, which records your admission to the U.S. and the date by which you must depart. You can usually access your I-94 form online via the CBP website.

5.2. Customs Inspection

1. Collect Your Baggage:
   • After passing through immigration, collect your baggage from the baggage claim area.
2. Complete a Customs Declaration Form:
   • Fill out a Customs Declaration Form (CBP Form 6059B), which you will receive on your flight or at the port of entry. Declare all items you are bringing into the U.S., including gifts, merchandise, and currency.
3. Proceed to Customs:
   • Proceed to the customs area and present your completed Customs Declaration Form to the CBP officer.
4. Inspection of Baggage:
   • The CBP officer may inspect your baggage to ensure you are not bringing any prohibited items into the U.S.
   • Be prepared to open your bags and answer questions about the items you are carrying.
5. Payment of Duties (If Applicable):
   • If you are bringing items that exceed the duty-free allowance, you may be required to pay customs duties.
6. Exit Customs Area:
   • Once you have cleared customs, you are free to exit the customs area and begin your visit to the U.S.

5.3. Tips for a Smooth Experience

• Be Prepared: Have all required documents readily available.
• Answer Truthfully: Answer questions from CBP officers honestly and concisely.
• Declare Everything: Declare all items you are bringing into the U.S. on your Customs Declaration Form.
• Know the Prohibited Items: Be aware of items that are prohibited from being brought into the U.S., such as certain foods, plants, and weapons.
• Stay Updated: Check the CBP website for the latest information on entry requirements and customs regulations.

US Border Control

6. What Are the Best Times to Visit the US?

The best time to visit the U.S. depends on your destination and the activities you plan to do. Here are some general guidelines:

6.1. Spring (March to May)

• Weather: Mild temperatures and blooming flowers.
• Best For: Sightseeing, hiking, and outdoor activities in moderate climates.
• Destinations: Washington D.C. for the cherry blossoms, national parks in the Southwest, and cities like San Francisco.

6.2. Summer (June to August)

• Weather: Warm to hot, with occasional rain.
• Best For: Beach vacations, water sports, and exploring national parks.
• Destinations: Coastal areas like California and Florida, national parks like Yellowstone and Yosemite, and cities with outdoor events.

6.3. Fall (September to November)

• Weather: Cool temperatures and colorful foliage.
• Best For: Hiking, scenic drives, and harvest festivals.
• Destinations: New England for the fall foliage, wine regions in California, and cities with cultural events.

6.4. Winter (December to February)

• Weather: Cold, with snow in many areas.
• Best For: Skiing, snowboarding, and winter festivals.
• Destinations: Ski resorts in Colorado and Utah, cities with holiday events like New York City, and warmer climates like Florida and Hawaii.

7. How Can SIXT.VN Help European Travelers to Vietnam?

While this article focuses on traveling to the U.S., SIXT.VN specializes in making travel to Vietnam seamless and enjoyable. If you’re planning a trip to Vietnam, here’s how we can assist you:

7.1. Tourist Consultation Services

We offer personalized travel advice to help you plan the perfect itinerary, tailored to your interests and budget.

7.2. Airport Transfers

Enjoy hassle-free transportation from the airport to your hotel with our reliable and comfortable airport transfer services.

7.3. Hotel Bookings

We provide a wide selection of hotels to suit every budget, ensuring a comfortable and convenient stay in Vietnam.

7.4. Sightseeing Tickets

Skip the lines and book your tickets to popular attractions in advance with our convenient ticketing service.

7.5. Flight Bookings

Find the best deals on flights to and within Vietnam with our easy-to-use flight booking platform.

7.6. Hanoi Tours

Explore the vibrant city of Hanoi with our guided tours, offering unique insights into the local culture and history.

Hanoi Vietnam

8. What Are Some Popular Tourist Destinations in the US?

The United States boasts a vast array of tourist destinations, each offering unique experiences and attractions. Here are some of the most popular:

8.1. New York City

New York City is a global hub for culture, finance, and entertainment. Iconic landmarks include the Statue of Liberty, Central Park, Times Square, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Visitors can enjoy Broadway shows, world-class dining, and diverse neighborhoods.

8.2. Los Angeles

Los Angeles is known for its entertainment industry, beautiful beaches, and sunny weather. Attractions include Hollywood, Disneyland, Universal Studios, and the Getty Center. The city offers a mix of cultural experiences, outdoor activities, and vibrant nightlife.

8.3. San Francisco

San Francisco is famous for its iconic Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, and hilly terrain. Key attractions include Alcatraz Island, Fisherman’s Wharf, and Chinatown. The city is also a center for technology, innovation, and progressive culture.

8.4. Orlando

Orlando is a premier destination for theme park enthusiasts, home to Walt Disney World, Universal Orlando Resort, and SeaWorld. Visitors can enjoy thrilling rides, live entertainment, and immersive experiences.

8.5. Las Vegas

Las Vegas is renowned for its casinos, luxury hotels, and vibrant entertainment scene. The city offers a range of attractions, including world-class shows, gourmet dining, and unique experiences like the High Roller observation wheel.

8.6. Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States and a hub for history, politics, and culture. Key attractions include the White House, the U.S. Capitol, the Smithsonian museums, and the National Mall.

8.7. Miami

Miami is known for its beautiful beaches, Art Deco architecture, and vibrant nightlife. Attractions include South Beach, Little Havana, and the Everglades National Park. The city offers a mix of cultural influences, outdoor activities, and a lively atmosphere.

8.8. Chicago

Chicago is famous for its architecture, museums, and deep-dish pizza. Key attractions include the Art Institute of Chicago, Millennium Park, and Navy Pier. The city also offers a vibrant music scene and diverse neighborhoods.

8.9. National Parks

The U.S. is home to numerous national parks, each offering unique natural beauty and outdoor activities. Popular parks include:

• Yellowstone National Park: Known for its geysers, hot springs, and wildlife.
• Grand Canyon National Park: Famous for its dramatic canyon landscapes.
• Yosemite National Park: Known for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, and giant sequoia trees.
• Zion National Park: Famous for its scenic canyons and hiking trails.

These destinations provide a diverse range of experiences