What Role Do Women Play In The Family And Community In Different Ethnic Groups?

Understanding the pivotal role of women across diverse ethnic groups is essential for culturally sensitive travel experiences in Vietnam, and SIXT.VN is here to guide you through it. This understanding not only enriches your travel but also fosters respect and appreciation for the rich cultural tapestry of Vietnam. With insights into family dynamics and societal contributions, planning your trip becomes more meaningful, ensuring respectful interactions and a deeper connection with local communities. From airport transfers to tailored tours, SIXT.VN provides the services and knowledge to make your Vietnamese adventure seamless and enlightening. Discover cultural treasures, authentic experiences, and unforgettable travel memories with our expert travel guidance, cultural insights, and local connections.

1. What Is The Cultural Significance Of Women In Vietnamese Society?

Women are integral to Vietnamese society, holding significant roles within families and communities, deeply rooted in cultural traditions and evolving with modern influences. Traditionally, women have been the backbone of the family, managing households, raising children, and contributing to agriculture or small businesses. The concept of “nữ công gia chánh” (feminine skills in domestic affairs) emphasizes their role in maintaining family harmony and prosperity.

1.1. How Have Historical Figures Shaped The Perception Of Women In Vietnam?

Throughout Vietnamese history, several female figures have played crucial roles, significantly shaping the perception of women in society. The Trung sisters, Trung Trac and Trung Nhi, are celebrated national heroines who led a rebellion against Chinese rule in the first century AD. Their courage and leadership have become symbols of Vietnamese resilience and the strength of women in fighting for independence. Trieu Thi Trinh, another prominent figure, led a revolt against the Wu Dynasty in the 3rd century. Her famous quote, “I only want to ride the wind and tread the rough waves, slay the big whales of the Eastern sea, clean up frontiers, and save the people from drowning. Why should I imitate others, bow my head, and toil and moil as maids and servants?” encapsulates the spirit of Vietnamese women who defy traditional expectations. These historical icons have collectively fostered a cultural admiration for women who demonstrate bravery, leadership, and a commitment to the well-being of their communities. Their legacies continue to inspire and reinforce the idea that women are not just caregivers but also powerful agents of change and protectors of their nation. These historical narratives contribute to a unique cultural landscape where women’s contributions are both revered and expected.

1.2. What Is The Importance Of Women In Upholding Vietnamese Family Values?

Women are crucial in upholding Vietnamese family values, which are deeply rooted in Confucianism and emphasize filial piety, respect for elders, and maintaining harmony within the family. They are primarily responsible for transmitting cultural traditions, values, and customs to the younger generation, ensuring the continuity of these practices. Women often serve as the emotional center of the family, providing care, support, and guidance to all members. They manage household affairs, ensuring the well-being of their families, and play a significant role in making important decisions. This central role enhances family cohesion and stability. In many Vietnamese families, women also manage the family finances, demonstrating their economic importance. This financial responsibility underscores their pivotal position in ensuring the family’s economic stability and prosperity. By managing both domestic and economic aspects of family life, Vietnamese women ensure that cultural values are preserved and passed on, reinforcing the family’s role as the cornerstone of Vietnamese society.

1.3. How Does The Vietnamese Government Support The Role Of Women?

The Vietnamese government actively supports the role of women through various policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equality and empowering women in different spheres of life. Legislation such as the Law on Gender Equality and the National Strategy on Gender Equality aims to eliminate discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for women in employment, education, and healthcare. The government has also implemented programs to support women’s entrepreneurship, providing access to credit, training, and resources to start and grow their businesses. Additionally, there are initiatives focused on improving women’s health, including maternal and reproductive health services, and addressing gender-based violence. These policies and programs reflect the government’s commitment to recognizing and enhancing the contributions of women to the country’s socio-economic development. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Vietnam has made significant progress in gender equality, particularly in education and health, but challenges remain in areas such as political representation and economic empowerment.

2. How Do Roles Of Women Vary Across Different Ethnic Groups In Vietnam?

The roles of women in Vietnam vary significantly across different ethnic groups, influenced by unique cultural traditions, socio-economic factors, and historical contexts. Understanding these differences provides valuable insights into the diverse fabric of Vietnamese society.

2.1. What Are The Traditional Roles Of Women In The Kinh (Majority) Ethnic Group?

In the Kinh ethnic group, which constitutes the majority of Vietnam’s population, women traditionally play vital roles centered around family, agriculture, and small businesses. They are often responsible for managing the household, raising children, and caring for elderly family members. Their contributions to agriculture, particularly in rice cultivation, are significant, as they actively participate in planting, harvesting, and selling produce. Many Kinh women also engage in small-scale trading and business activities, contributing to the family income and local economy. The social expectations for Kinh women often emphasize qualities such as diligence, thriftiness, and devotion to family. However, with increasing urbanization and modernization, these roles are evolving, with more women pursuing higher education and professional careers. According to a study by the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, while traditional values remain influential, Kinh women are increasingly seeking greater autonomy and equality in both their personal and professional lives. This shift reflects a broader trend towards gender equality in Vietnamese society, although disparities persist in certain regions and sectors.

2.2. How Do Women Contribute To The Family And Community In The Hmong Ethnic Group?

In the Hmong ethnic group, women’s roles are crucial for the family’s and community’s survival and well-being, often characterized by a strong sense of responsibility and resilience. Hmong women are extensively involved in agriculture, cultivating crops such as rice, corn, and vegetables on terraced fields. They also engage in animal husbandry, raising livestock like pigs, chickens, and buffaloes. Besides farming, Hmong women are skilled artisans, creating intricate textiles, embroidery, and traditional clothing that are important cultural symbols and sources of income. Within the family, women manage household chores, care for children, and transmit cultural knowledge and traditions to the younger generation. They play a significant role in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity within the community. According to research by the Institute of Cultural Studies, Hmong women’s economic contributions are vital for sustaining their families, but they often face challenges such as limited access to education and healthcare. Efforts by local and international organizations are aimed at empowering Hmong women through education, skills training, and access to microfinance, enhancing their ability to contribute to their families and communities.

2.3. What Is Unique About The Role Of Women In The Thai Ethnic Group?

In the Thai ethnic group of Vietnam, women hold a unique position characterized by their significant role in preserving cultural traditions and managing family affairs. Thai women are renowned for their weaving skills, producing intricate textiles and traditional clothing that are integral to Thai cultural identity. They also play a central role in agricultural activities, particularly rice cultivation, where their knowledge and labor are essential for ensuring the family’s food security. Within the family, Thai women are responsible for maintaining household harmony, raising children, and transmitting cultural values and customs to the next generation. They often have a greater degree of autonomy compared to women in some other ethnic groups, with many Thai women managing family finances and making important decisions related to household affairs. According to studies by ethno-cultural researchers, the matriarchal aspects of Thai society, where women inherit property and family names, contribute to their elevated status. This inheritance system reinforces their economic and social importance within the community. Efforts to support and promote Thai women’s cultural heritage, such as traditional weaving and handicrafts, are vital for preserving their unique identity and empowering them economically.

2.4. How Do Women In The Cham Ethnic Group Contribute To Their Communities?

Women in the Cham ethnic group, primarily residing in the coastal regions of central Vietnam, play distinct roles rooted in their cultural and religious practices. Cham society is influenced by both Islamic and Hindu traditions, which shape women’s responsibilities and status. They are primarily responsible for managing household affairs, raising children, and maintaining family traditions. In many Cham communities, women are also involved in traditional crafts such as weaving and pottery, producing intricate textiles and ceramics that are sold in local markets. Their participation in these economic activities contributes to the family income and supports the local economy. Cham women also play a crucial role in religious ceremonies and rituals, particularly those related to ancestor worship and Islamic celebrations. These religious responsibilities underscore their importance in preserving the cultural and spiritual identity of the Cham people. According to anthropological studies, Cham women’s roles are evolving with increasing exposure to modern influences, but they remain central to preserving their cultural heritage. Support for Cham women’s education and economic empowerment is essential for ensuring the sustainability of their communities and cultural traditions.

2.5. In What Ways Do Women In The Muong Ethnic Group Maintain Their Cultural Heritage?

Women in the Muong ethnic group, one of Vietnam’s largest ethnic minorities, play a vital role in maintaining their cultural heritage through various traditional practices and customs. They are the primary custodians of Muong folk culture, preserving and transmitting ancient epics, songs, and dances that embody the community’s history and values. Muong women are skilled weavers, producing colorful textiles and traditional clothing adorned with intricate patterns and designs. These textiles are not only practical items but also important symbols of Muong identity, worn during festivals and ceremonies. Additionally, Muong women are deeply involved in agricultural activities, cultivating rice, vegetables, and other crops using traditional farming methods. They possess extensive knowledge of local plants and herbs, which they use for medicinal purposes and in traditional cuisine. Within the family, Muong women are responsible for raising children, managing household affairs, and ensuring that cultural values are passed on to the next generation. According to ethnographic research, the Muong community places a high value on women’s knowledge and skills in preserving their cultural heritage. Supporting Muong women through education, cultural preservation programs, and sustainable economic initiatives is essential for ensuring the continuity of their traditions and cultural identity.

3. What Are Some Challenges Faced By Women In Different Ethnic Groups In Vietnam?

Despite their significant contributions, women in different ethnic groups in Vietnam face numerous challenges that hinder their progress and well-being.

3.1. How Does Limited Access To Education Affect Women In Rural Ethnic Minority Communities?

Limited access to education significantly impacts women in rural ethnic minority communities in Vietnam, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality. In many remote areas, schools are scarce, and the quality of education is often inadequate due to a lack of resources and qualified teachers. Cultural norms and traditional roles can also prioritize domestic responsibilities over education for girls, leading to higher dropout rates. The language barrier poses an additional challenge, as instruction is typically in Vietnamese, which may not be the native language of many ethnic minority students. This lack of educational opportunities limits women’s access to better employment, healthcare, and participation in decision-making processes. According to a report by the Ministry of Education and Training, the literacy rates among ethnic minority women are significantly lower than those of Kinh women, highlighting the disparities in educational attainment. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions, including building more schools in rural areas, providing bilingual education programs, offering scholarships and incentives for girls to stay in school, and promoting gender equality within communities.

3.2. What Are The Issues Surrounding Healthcare Access For Women In Remote Areas?

Healthcare access for women in remote areas of Vietnam is severely limited by geographical, economic, and cultural barriers. Many ethnic minority communities reside in mountainous or isolated regions, making it difficult to reach healthcare facilities. The lack of transportation infrastructure and the high cost of travel further exacerbate this issue. Additionally, there is a shortage of healthcare providers in these areas, and those available may not be adequately trained to address the specific health needs of ethnic minority women. Cultural beliefs and practices can also influence healthcare-seeking behavior, with some women preferring traditional medicine or being hesitant to seek medical care due to language barriers or concerns about privacy. According to data from the Ministry of Health, maternal and infant mortality rates are significantly higher in ethnic minority communities compared to the national average, reflecting the disparities in healthcare access. To improve healthcare outcomes, it is essential to invest in infrastructure, train more healthcare workers from ethnic minority backgrounds, provide culturally sensitive healthcare services, and raise awareness about the importance of maternal and reproductive health.

3.3. How Do Economic Disparities Impact The Lives Of Women From Ethnic Minorities?

Economic disparities have a profound impact on the lives of women from ethnic minorities in Vietnam, limiting their opportunities and perpetuating cycles of poverty. Many ethnic minority communities rely on subsistence agriculture, which is vulnerable to climate change, natural disasters, and market fluctuations. Women often have limited access to land, credit, and technology, hindering their ability to improve their livelihoods. Additionally, they face discrimination in employment, with lower wages and fewer opportunities for advancement compared to their Kinh counterparts. The lack of economic independence can make women more vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, and domestic violence. A study by the World Bank found that ethnic minority women are disproportionately represented among the poorest segments of the population in Vietnam. Addressing these disparities requires targeted policies and programs that promote sustainable economic development, provide access to financial services, support women’s entrepreneurship, and combat discrimination in the labor market.

3.4. What Are Some Cultural Practices That Disadvantage Women In Certain Ethnic Groups?

Certain cultural practices in some ethnic groups in Vietnam disadvantage women and perpetuate gender inequality. Early marriage remains prevalent in some communities, particularly in remote areas, depriving girls of their right to education and limiting their future opportunities. Bride price customs can also place a heavy financial burden on families, leading to debt and economic hardship. Domestic violence is another significant issue, often tolerated or justified by traditional norms and beliefs. Additionally, patriarchal social structures can limit women’s decision-making power and restrict their participation in community affairs. According to reports by human rights organizations, these harmful cultural practices undermine women’s rights and well-being, hindering their ability to reach their full potential. Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach, including legal reforms, awareness campaigns, community education programs, and the promotion of gender equality at all levels of society.

3.5. How Does Climate Change Affect Women In Agricultural Communities?

Climate change disproportionately affects women in agricultural communities in Vietnam, as they are often the primary caregivers and food producers. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts disrupt agricultural production, threatening food security and livelihoods. Women’s limited access to resources such as land, water, and credit makes them more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Additionally, they face increased workloads as they spend more time and effort collecting water, gathering firewood, and caring for sick family members. The loss of income due to crop failures can also exacerbate economic hardship and increase the risk of gender-based violence. According to a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), investing in climate-smart agriculture, promoting women’s participation in climate adaptation planning, and providing access to climate information and technology are essential for building resilience and ensuring food security in agricultural communities.

4. How Can Travelers Respectfully Engage With Women From Different Ethnic Groups?

When traveling in Vietnam, engaging respectfully with women from different ethnic groups enhances your experience and supports cultural preservation.

4.1. What Are Some General Etiquette Tips For Interacting With Women In Vietnam?

When interacting with women in Vietnam, it’s essential to observe general etiquette tips that demonstrate respect and cultural sensitivity. Dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites or rural communities. Avoid overly revealing clothing and opt for attire that covers your shoulders and knees. Greet women with a polite nod or slight bow, and use formal titles such as “Cô” (Miss) or “Bà” (Madam) when addressing them, unless invited to use their first name. Maintain a respectful distance during conversations and avoid physical contact unless initiated by the woman. Be mindful of your body language and avoid gestures that may be considered offensive, such as pointing or crossing your arms. Listen attentively and show genuine interest in their stories and experiences. Avoid discussing sensitive topics such as politics or personal finances unless you have established a trusting relationship. By following these etiquette tips, you can demonstrate your respect for Vietnamese culture and build positive relationships with women you encounter during your travels.

4.2. How Can Travelers Be Mindful Of Cultural Differences In Communication Styles?

Travelers should be mindful of cultural differences in communication styles when interacting with women from different ethnic groups in Vietnam. In some communities, direct eye contact may be considered impolite or confrontational, so it’s best to maintain a soft gaze and avoid staring. Women may be less assertive in expressing their opinions or needs, so it’s important to be patient and attentive to nonverbal cues. The use of silence can also have different meanings in different cultures; in some cases, it may indicate respect or thoughtfulness, while in others, it may signal disagreement or discomfort. It is also helpful to know some basic Vietnamese phrases to show respect and facilitate communication. Additionally, be aware that some topics may be considered taboo or inappropriate in certain cultures, so it’s best to avoid discussing personal or sensitive matters unless you have established a trusting relationship. By being mindful of these cultural differences, you can communicate more effectively and respectfully with women from diverse backgrounds in Vietnam.

4.3. What Is The Best Way To Support Local Women-Owned Businesses And Initiatives?

Supporting local women-owned businesses and initiatives is a meaningful way to contribute to the economic empowerment of women in Vietnam. When shopping for souvenirs or handicrafts, seek out businesses that are owned and operated by women, particularly those from ethnic minority communities. Look for products that are made using traditional techniques and sustainable materials, and be willing to pay a fair price that reflects the value of their craftsmanship. Consider staying at homestays or guesthouses that are run by local women, as this provides them with income and opportunities to showcase their culture and hospitality. Participate in tours and activities that are led by women, such as cooking classes, weaving workshops, or cultural performances. Additionally, you can support local women’s organizations and NGOs that provide education, training, and resources to women in need. By consciously choosing to support women-owned businesses and initiatives, you can help create a more equitable and sustainable tourism industry in Vietnam.

4.4. How Can Travelers Avoid Reinforcing Stereotypes About Women In Vietnam?

Travelers can avoid reinforcing stereotypes about women in Vietnam by challenging their own biases and assumptions and by engaging with women as individuals rather than representatives of a particular group. Be aware of the common stereotypes about Vietnamese women, such as the image of the submissive or subservient wife, and actively seek out diverse perspectives and experiences that challenge these stereotypes. Engage in conversations with women from different backgrounds and listen to their stories and opinions with an open mind. Avoid making generalizations or assumptions based on their ethnicity, occupation, or marital status. Show respect for their autonomy and decision-making power, and avoid imposing your own cultural values or expectations on them. Additionally, be mindful of the language you use and avoid using derogatory or objectifying terms when referring to women. By consciously challenging stereotypes and treating women as individuals, you can promote a more nuanced and respectful understanding of their roles and contributions to Vietnamese society.

4.5. What Should Travelers Do If They Witness Discrimination Or Harassment Against Women?

If travelers witness discrimination or harassment against women in Vietnam, it is essential to take action to support the victim and challenge the perpetrator. Intervene directly if it is safe to do so, by speaking out against the discriminatory behavior or offering assistance to the woman being targeted. Document the incident by taking notes or recording video (if possible and without endangering yourself or the victim). Report the incident to local authorities, such as the police or tourism officials, and provide them with as much information as possible. Offer emotional support to the woman who has experienced discrimination or harassment, and connect her with resources such as women’s organizations or legal aid services. Additionally, you can use your voice and platform to raise awareness about the issue and advocate for policies and practices that promote gender equality and prevent discrimination. By taking action against discrimination and harassment, you can help create a safer and more equitable environment for women in Vietnam.

5. What Are Some Resources For Learning More About Women’s Roles In Vietnamese Culture?

To deepen your understanding of women’s roles in Vietnamese culture, numerous resources are available, offering insights into their historical and contemporary contributions.

5.1. Which Museums And Cultural Centers Focus On Women’s History And Contributions?

Several museums and cultural centers in Vietnam focus on women’s history and contributions, providing valuable insights into their roles in society. The Vietnamese Women’s Museum in Hanoi is a must-visit, showcasing the diverse experiences of Vietnamese women throughout history, from their roles in agriculture and handicrafts to their contributions to the war effort and modern society. The museum features exhibits on traditional clothing, artifacts, and personal stories that highlight the resilience, creativity, and strength of Vietnamese women. Additionally, some regional museums, such as the Museum of Cham Sculpture in Da Nang, feature exhibits on the cultural traditions and artistic achievements of women in specific ethnic groups. Cultural centers and community organizations may also host exhibitions and events that celebrate women’s heritage and contributions. By visiting these museums and cultural centers, travelers can gain a deeper appreciation for the rich and complex history of women in Vietnam.

5.2. What Are Some Recommended Books And Films About Vietnamese Women?

Numerous books and films offer insightful perspectives on Vietnamese women, exploring their lives, challenges, and triumphs. “The многое of Joy Luck Club” by Amy Tan features stories of Chinese-American women and their relationships with their mothers, offering a glimpse into the complexities of intergenerational connections and cultural identity. “Catfish and Mandala” by Andrew X. Pham chronicles the journey of a Vietnamese-American man who returns to Vietnam to reconnect with his roots, encountering the experiences of women along the way. In terms of films, “The Scent of Green Papaya” directed by Tran Anh Hung is a visually stunning and emotionally resonant film that explores the life of a young woman working as a servant in Saigon. “Three Seasons” directed by Tony Bui offers a glimpse into the lives of ordinary Vietnamese people, including the struggles and aspirations of women in a rapidly changing society. These books and films provide valuable insights into the diverse experiences of Vietnamese women and their contributions to literature and cinema.

5.3. Which Websites And Online Platforms Offer Information About Gender Equality In Vietnam?

Several websites and online platforms offer information about gender equality in Vietnam, providing data, analysis, and resources for advocates and researchers. The website of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) features reports, publications, and news articles on gender equality issues in Vietnam, including women’s economic empowerment, political participation, and ending violence against women. The website of the Vietnam Women’s Union provides information about the organization’s activities, programs, and advocacy efforts to promote women’s rights and gender equality. Additionally, academic journals, research institutions, and NGOs may publish studies and reports on gender equality in Vietnam. Online platforms such as social media and blogs can also provide valuable insights into the perspectives and experiences of Vietnamese women. By consulting these websites and online platforms, travelers can stay informed about gender equality issues in Vietnam and support efforts to promote women’s rights and empowerment.

5.4. Are There Any NGOs Or Organizations That Support Women’s Empowerment In Vietnam?

Several NGOs and organizations in Vietnam are dedicated to supporting women’s empowerment through various programs and initiatives. CARE International in Vietnam works to improve the lives of marginalized women and girls through projects focused on economic development, education, and healthcare. ActionAid Vietnam supports women’s participation in decision-making processes, promotes gender-responsive governance, and works to prevent and address gender-based violence. The Vietnam Women’s Union is a mass organization that represents the interests of women at the national level, advocating for policies and programs that promote gender equality and women’s rights. Additionally, numerous local NGOs and community-based organizations are working to address the specific needs and challenges faced by women in different regions and ethnic groups. By supporting these NGOs and organizations through donations, volunteering, or advocacy, travelers can contribute to the empowerment of women in Vietnam and help create a more equitable and sustainable society.

5.5. How Can Travelers Connect With Local Women And Learn About Their Experiences Firsthand?

Travelers can connect with local women and learn about their experiences firsthand through various immersive and respectful interactions. Participate in homestays or community-based tourism initiatives that are run by local women, as this provides opportunities to engage in meaningful conversations and learn about their lives and culture. Take cooking classes or weaving workshops that are taught by women, as this allows you to learn about traditional crafts and culinary practices while supporting their livelihoods. Attend cultural events and festivals where women play a prominent role, such as traditional dances, music performances, or religious ceremonies. Volunteer with local organizations that support women’s empowerment, or participate in responsible tourism initiatives that benefit women-owned businesses and communities. Additionally, simply striking up conversations with women you meet during your travels, such as shopkeepers, market vendors, or fellow travelers, can provide valuable insights into their perspectives and experiences. By actively seeking out opportunities to connect with local women, travelers can gain a deeper understanding of Vietnamese culture and build meaningful relationships that extend beyond the tourist experience.

Understanding and respecting the roles of women across Vietnam’s diverse ethnic groups is crucial for any traveler seeking a meaningful and culturally sensitive experience. SIXT.VN is committed to providing you with the resources and services you need to explore Vietnam responsibly and respectfully.

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FAQ: Women’s Roles In Vietnamese Culture

1. What is the general role of women in Vietnamese society?

Women in Vietnam play multifaceted roles, traditionally centered around family, agriculture, and small businesses, while increasingly pursuing education and professional careers.

2. How do the roles of women differ across ethnic groups?

Roles vary significantly. Kinh women focus on family and agriculture, Hmong women are vital in agriculture and crafts, Thai women preserve cultural traditions, and Cham women maintain cultural and religious practices.

3. What challenges do women in rural ethnic minority communities face?

They face limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities due to geographical, economic, and cultural barriers.

4. How can travelers respectfully interact with women in Vietnam?

Travelers should dress modestly, use formal titles, maintain respectful distance, and be mindful of cultural differences in communication.

5. What are some ways to support women-owned businesses in Vietnam?

Shop at women-owned businesses, stay at their guesthouses, and participate in tours led by women to support their economic empowerment.

6. How can travelers avoid reinforcing stereotypes about Vietnamese women?

Challenge biases, engage with women as individuals, listen to their stories, and avoid generalizations based on ethnicity or marital status.

7. What should travelers do if they witness discrimination against women?

Intervene if safe, document the incident, report to local authorities, offer support to the victim, and advocate for gender equality.

8. Which museums focus on women’s history in Vietnam?

The Vietnamese Women’s Museum in Hanoi showcases the diverse experiences of Vietnamese women throughout history.

9. What are some recommended books and films about Vietnamese women?

Recommended titles include “The Joy Luck Club,” “Catfish and Mandala,” “The Scent of Green Papaya,” and “Three Seasons,” offering insights into their lives.

10. Are there any NGOs that support women’s empowerment in Vietnam?

Yes, CARE International in Vietnam and ActionAid Vietnam are among several NGOs supporting women’s empowerment through various programs.