Are you intrigued by the spiritual and cultural traditions of Vietnam? SIXT.VN offers expert guidance, ensuring a respectful and enriching travel experience as you explore the captivating practice of Hau Dong and other unique Vietnamese customs. Discover the beauty and depth of Vietnamese culture with ease and confidence.
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1. Understanding Hau Dong: A Spiritual Journey in Vietnam
Hau Dong, also known as spirit mediumship, is a unique and fascinating ritual deeply rooted in Vietnamese culture. It is a central practice within the Đạo Mẫu (Mother Goddess religion), where mediums embody various deities to deliver blessings, advice, and even entertainment to devotees.
Hau Dong is more than just a performance; it’s a spiritual experience that connects the earthly realm with the divine. This practice is particularly popular in urban areas today. According to research from the Institute for Religious Studies, there are eighty-three temples and palaces that worship Mau (the Holy Mothers). This form of spiritual practice helps devotees find balance in the stresses and strains of urban life.
1.1. What is the Core of Hau Dong?
At its core, Hau Dong involves a medium (called đồng) entering a trance-like state, allowing spirits or deities to possess their body. These deities, who are part of a complex pantheon, then interact with the audience, offering blessings, guidance, and even dispensing good fortune.
1.2. What is the Purpose of Hau Dong?
The primary purpose of Hau Dong is to connect with the spiritual realm, seeking blessings for good health, prosperity, and overall well-being. It is a way for people to find solace, guidance, and a sense of community.
1.3. What Role Does Music Play in Hau Dong?
Music is an integral part of Hau Dong. The Hat Văn (invocation hymns), accompanied by traditional instruments, creates an atmosphere conducive to spiritual connection and helps induce the medium’s trance. The rhythms and melodies are specifically tailored to invoke different deities.
1.4. What Significance Do Costumes Hold in Hau Dong?
Costumes in Hau Dong are vibrant and elaborate, each representing a specific deity. The colors, patterns, and accessories all hold symbolic meaning, signifying the deity’s role and powers.
1.5. Who Are the Key Participants in Hau Dong?
Key participants include:
- The Medium (Đồng): The central figure who acts as the vessel for the deities.
- Assistants (Hầu Dâng): Helpers who assist the medium with costume changes, offerings, and other tasks.
- Musicians (Cung Văn): Performers who play the Hat Văn and other traditional music.
- Devotees: The audience who come to witness and receive blessings from the deities.
1.6. Where Does Hau Dong Originate?
Hau Dong originated in the Red River Delta of Vietnam and is closely associated with the Đạo Mẫu religion. It has evolved over centuries, incorporating elements of shamanism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
1.7. When Does Hau Dong Usually Take Place?
Hau Dong ceremonies are typically held at temples, palaces, and shrines throughout the year. Important occasions include festivals dedicated to the Mother Goddesses and anniversaries of specific deities.
1.8. How Has Hau Dong Evolved Over Time?
Originally rooted in rural agricultural societies, Hau Dong has adapted to modern urban life. While retaining its spiritual essence, it has also incorporated elements of entertainment and cultural performance. According to Ngo Duc Thinh, an earlier version of his paper was presented at the Museums and Urban Anthropology Conference in Hanoi.
1.9. Why Is Hau Dong Popular Among Business People?
The popularity of Hau Dong among business people stems from the belief that the deities can grant them earthly desires, such as prosperity and success in their ventures.
1.10. How Does the Deity’s Journey Occur?
The deity’s journey into the world, via the medium’s body, is expressed through a number of ritual actions, such as dancing, giving advice, distributing gifts, curing disease, and driving evil spirits away. In contrast with many other religions, and with the activities of other spirit mediums among the Kinh, the cult of the Holy Mothers does not focus on the world of the dead but on the real, earthly world of good health and prosperity.
2. Respectful Observation: A Guide for Visitors
Witnessing a Hau Dong ceremony can be a profoundly moving experience. However, it’s essential to approach it with respect and sensitivity, recognizing its spiritual significance to the participants.
2.1. What is Proper Attire for Hau Dong?
Dress modestly and respectfully. Avoid wearing revealing clothing, shorts, or tank tops. Opt for comfortable and conservative attire that shows your respect for the sacredness of the event.
2.2. What is Proper Behavior During Hau Dong?
Maintain a respectful demeanor throughout the ceremony. Avoid talking loudly, laughing inappropriately, or making disruptive movements. Silence your cell phone and refrain from using flash photography, as it can be distracting to the medium and other participants.
2.3. What is the Best Way to Show Respect?
Show respect by observing quietly and attentively. Avoid crossing your arms or pointing your feet towards the altar or the medium. If you are offered incense, accept it with both hands and offer it respectfully towards the altar.
2.4. Can I Take Photos or Videos?
Generally, it is best to ask for permission before taking photos or videos. Be mindful of the atmosphere and avoid using flash, as it can be disruptive. Remember that this is a religious ceremony, not a tourist attraction.
2.5. Is it Appropriate to Ask Questions?
Avoid interrupting the ceremony with questions. If you have questions, it’s best to ask a knowledgeable guide or someone familiar with the practice after the ceremony has concluded.
2.6. What Should I Do If a Deity Approaches Me?
If a deity, through the medium, approaches you, remain calm and respectful. Follow the instructions of the assistants and accept any blessings or gifts offered with gratitude.
2.7. How Can I Learn More About Hau Dong?
Before attending a Hau Dong ceremony, research the practice to understand its significance and symbolism. Consult with local guides or cultural experts who can provide valuable insights and answer your questions.
2.8. What Should I Avoid Doing?
Avoid any behavior that could be perceived as disrespectful or disruptive, such as:
- Touching the medium or their clothing without permission.
- Making fun of the ceremony or its participants.
- Engaging in loud conversations or arguments.
- Bringing food or drinks into the sacred space without permission.
2.9. Why Is It Important to Be Respectful?
Respect is paramount because Hau Dong is a deeply held religious practice. Showing respect demonstrates your appreciation for Vietnamese culture and helps maintain the sanctity of the ceremony for the participants.
2.10. Where Can I Witness Hau Dong Ceremonies?
You can witness Hau Dong ceremonies at various temples and shrines throughout Vietnam, particularly in the Red River Delta region. Popular locations include Phu Giay Temple in Nam Dinh Province and Tay Ho Temple in Hanoi.
3. The Pantheon of Hau Dong: Key Deities and Their Roles
The pantheon of Hau Dong is vast and complex, encompassing a wide range of deities with distinct roles and responsibilities. Understanding the key figures can enhance your appreciation of the ceremony.
3.1. Who Are the Four Palaces?
The Four Palaces represent the different realms of the universe, each governed by a Mother Goddess:
- Thiên Phủ (The Realm of Heaven): Governed by the First Mother Goddess, representing celestial power and authority. Red is the color of this realm.
- Địa Phủ (The Realm of Earth): Governed by the Second Mother Goddess, representing earthly matters, agriculture, and prosperity. Yellow is the color of this realm.
- Thoải Phủ (The Realm of Water): Governed by the Third Mother Goddess, representing water, fertility, and purification. White is the color of this realm.
- Nhạc Phủ (The Realm of Mountains and Forests): Governed by the Fourth Mother Goddess, representing nature, wildlife, and the wilderness. Green is the color of this realm.
3.2. Who Are the Great Mandarins (Quan Lớn)?
The Great Mandarins are powerful military commanders who serve the Mother Goddesses. Each has unique attributes and responsibilities. The first five are Ngu Vi Quan Lon.
- Quan Đệ Nhất (The First Mandarin): Comes from the Celestial Palace and wears red garments.
- Quan Đệ Nhị (The Second Great Mandarin): And Quan De Ngu (the Fifth Great Mandarin) were from the Palace of Mountains and Forests. They wear green costumes.
- Quan Đệ Tam Thoải Phủ (The Third Great Mandarin of the Water Palace): Wears white robes.
3.3. Who Are the Holy Dames (Châu Bà)?
The Holy Dames are goddesses of human origin who assist the Mother Goddesses. Many are associated with specific ethnic minorities. There are twelve of them.
3.4. Who Are the Princes (Ông Hoàng)?
The Princes are refined and elegant figures who often represent historical figures.
- Ông Hoàng Ba (The Third Prince): Of the Palace of Water) wore a white costume.
- Ông Hoàng Bảy (The Seventh Prince): Of Bao Ha) of Nhac Phu (the Palace of Mountains and Forests) wore green garments.
- Ông Hoàng Mười (The Tenth Prince): Of the Palace of the Earth wore yellow robes.
3.5. Who Are the Royal Damsels (Cô)?
The Royal Damsels are young and unmarried goddesses known for their beauty and energy. They often perform dances during Hau Dong ceremonies.
3.6. Who Are the Boy Attendants (Cậu)?
The Boy Attendants are mischievous young spirits who serve the Princes.
3.7. What Role Does Trần Hưng Đạo Play?
Trần Hưng Đạo, a celebrated Vietnamese general, is also honored in some Hau Dong ceremonies, particularly in the Palace of the Trần Dynasty. He is known for vanquishing evil spirits and curing diseases.
3.8. How Do Historical Figures Relate to Deities?
Many deities in the Hau Dong pantheon are associated with historical figures who rendered great service to the country. This connection links daily life with national history, deifying patriotism and virtue.
3.9. What Is the Significance of Màu Thượng Thiên and Màu Thượng Ngàn?
Mẫu Thượng Thiên (The Holy Mother of Heaven) is identified with Princess Liễu Hạnh. Mẫu Thượng Ngàn (The Holy Mother of Mountains and Forests) is Princess La Binh.
3.10. Why Are There Sanctuaries for Each Deity?
Each deity has a principal sanctuary and many subordinate sanctuaries throughout Vietnam. This allows devotees to connect with specific deities and seek their protection in various locations.
4. The Ritual of Hau Dong: A Step-by-Step Overview
A Hau Dong ceremony is a carefully orchestrated ritual with distinct phases. Understanding the sequence of events can enhance your appreciation and understanding.
4.1. What Preparations Are Made Before a Ceremony?
Before a Hau Dong ritual, the medium must make meticulous preparations, including choosing an auspicious day that matches his or her horoscope according to the can so (lunar calendar), choosing the temple or palace, and inviting the faithful, other mediums, and supporters. There must also be four hau dang (assistants) and cung van (liturgical singers).
4.2. What is the Significance of Abstinence?
For several days before the ceremony, Ba Dong H had to abstain from sexual intercourse, eat only vegetarian food, and fast completely for some of the time to get her body into an exceptionally pure state. According to mediums, these acts of purification are necessary before they can use their bodies as vehicles for the gods. However, in terms of technique, this physical state makes it easier for the medium to go into a trance.
4.3. What Happens During the Preparatory Rites?
Before stepping onto the mat in front of the altar where the gods were to be incarnated, the medium performed the rituals of so – submitting written requests and giving offerings (rice soup, dried rice and corn, fresh water) to the wandering souls. The letters asked the guardian-god of the temple to give permission for the medium to use her skills to carry out the ceremony of Len Dong. This rite was conducted by a person with magic powers and an assistant.
4.4. What is the Role of the Assistants?
The assistants play a crucial role in supporting the medium. They help with costume changes, offer incense and alcohol, cover the medium’s face with a veil, and ensure the smooth flow of the ceremony.
4.5. How Do the Liturgical Singers Contribute?
The liturgical singers, accompanied by traditional instruments, perform the Hat Văn (invocation hymns) that are essential for invoking the deities and creating a spiritual atmosphere.
4.6. What is the Purpose of the Red Veil?
When medium H sat, her four assistants placed a red cloth, called a khan phu dien (face-covering veil) on her head. This is the most important rite and was repeated many times – whenever a deity entered (nhap) or left (thang) the medium. The red cloth signals the passage of the deities into and out of the medium in whom they are incarnated.
4.7. What Happens During the Incarnations?
During the incarnations, the medium embodies different deities, each with their unique costumes, gestures, and personalities. The deities interact with the audience, offering blessings, advice, and gifts.
4.8. How Do the Deities Interact with the Audience?
The deities interact with the audience through various means, such as:
- Giving blessings: Offering words of encouragement and support.
- Distributing gifts: Throwing money, sweets, or other small tokens of good fortune.
- Offering advice: Providing guidance on personal matters.
- Curing diseases: Performing rituals to heal illnesses.
4.9. How Does a Ceremony Conclude?
At the end of the ceremony, medium H took off the veil and costumes. She stood up and thanked all the participants. She invited them to a banquet as a gift from the gods, a grand final gesture in the cycle of reciprocal generosity that had occurred throughout the ceremony, with the medium providing offerings to her deities and additional offerings coming from her attendants and the other visitors, and the deities (in the person of H) redistributing them to the attendants and visitors.
4.10. What is the Overall Atmosphere of a Hau Dong Ceremony?
The overall atmosphere is one of reverence, excitement, and spiritual connection. The vibrant costumes, music, and movements create a captivating spectacle, while the interactions with the deities provide a sense of hope and inspiration.
5. The Art and Culture of Hau Dong: More Than Just Religion
Beyond its religious significance, Hau Dong is also a vibrant art form that showcases Vietnamese culture.
5.1. What Artistic Elements Are Present in Hau Dong?
Len Dong is a religious rite of the cult of the Holy Mothers of the Four Palaces, it includes many artistic elements like music, song, dance, and costume. The hat van and music are particularly noteworthy examples of the performing arts of the Kinh people.
5.2. How Does Music Contribute to the Ritual?
The Hat Văn music is specifically composed to invoke the deities and create a spiritual atmosphere. The melodies and rhythms are closely linked to the movements and actions of the medium.
5.3. What is the Significance of Dance in Hau Dong?
The dances performed during Hau Dong are not just entertainment; they are a form of communication with the deities. Each dance has specific movements and gestures that convey meaning and express reverence.
5.4. What Role Do Costumes Play in Showcasing Culture?
The costumes worn by the medium are meticulously crafted to represent each deity. They showcase the rich cultural heritage of Vietnam, with intricate designs and vibrant colors.
5.5. How Does Hau Dong Reflect Vietnamese History?
The deification of historical figures in Hau Dong reflects the importance of patriotism and national identity in Vietnamese culture. It connects the present with the past, honoring those who served the country.
5.6. How Does Hau Dong Promote Community?
Hau Dong ceremonies bring people together, creating a sense of community and shared faith. They provide a space for social interaction and mutual support.
5.7. How Does Hau Dong Influence Other Art Forms?
Hau Dong has influenced other art forms in Vietnam, such as theater, music, and literature. The stories and characters from the Hau Dong pantheon have been adapted and reinterpreted in various artistic expressions.
5.8. How Does Hau Dong Adapt to Modern Society?
Len Dong rituals in urban areas have indeed gradually diverged from those in rural regions, in the following ways:
- (i) The architecture and the decoration of the temples and palaces, the ceremonial garments, the type of offerings, and the styles of Len Dong all display urban features.
- (ii) There is now a growing emphasis on the cultural side of Len Dong performances, especially in Saigon.
- (iii) New, nationalistic styles of costume, modern votive offerings, new types of music, and invocation hymns are developing. Some pop songs and other contemporary songs and dances are performed as part of the ceremonies. Performance has become more important than the rituals so that Len Dong ceremonies are now cultural events at which having fun is as important as worshipping the gods.
- (iv) More and more followers of the cult of the Holy Mothers, and ordinary people, are coming to offer their sacrifices and pray to the deities of Dao Mau for their private, earthly needs and wants. Len Dong has become more accessible and appeals to a wider spectrum of society.
- (v) The cult of the Holy Mothers has become commercialized and mercenary because of the things the followers pray for and the way gifts are given to them ‘from the gods’.
5.9. How Does Hau Dong Contribute to Tourism?
Hau Dong ceremonies attract tourists who are interested in experiencing Vietnamese culture. However, it is important to promote responsible tourism that respects the sanctity of the practice.
5.10. How Can We Preserve and Promote Hau Dong?
Preserving and promoting Hau Dong requires a collaborative effort between cultural organizations, religious leaders, and the community. It is important to raise awareness of its cultural significance and ensure that it is practiced respectfully and authentically.
6. Challenges and Opportunities: The Future of Hau Dong
Like any cultural tradition, Hau Dong faces challenges in the modern world. However, there are also opportunities to ensure its continued vitality and relevance.
6.1. What Challenges Does Hau Dong Face Today?
Some of the challenges facing Hau Dong include:
- Commercialization: The increasing commercialization of the practice can detract from its spiritual essence.
- Misinterpretation: Lack of understanding and misrepresentation of the practice can lead to disrespect and mockery.
- Negative Stereotypes: Negative stereotypes and prejudice can marginalize practitioners and discourage participation.
- Loss of Authenticity: The introduction of modern elements can dilute the authenticity of the practice.
6.2. How Can We Combat Commercialization?
Combating commercialization requires a focus on promoting the spiritual and cultural values of Hau Dong. This can be achieved through education, regulation, and community involvement.
6.3. How Can We Promote Understanding?
Promoting understanding involves raising awareness of the history, significance, and symbolism of Hau Dong. This can be done through educational programs, cultural events, and media outreach.
6.4. How Can We Preserve Authenticity?
Preserving authenticity requires a commitment to upholding the traditional practices and values of Hau Dong. This can be achieved through mentorship, documentation, and community leadership.
6.5. What Opportunities Exist for Hau Dong?
Despite the challenges, there are also opportunities to:
- Promote cultural tourism: Hau Dong can be a valuable asset for cultural tourism, attracting visitors who are interested in experiencing Vietnamese traditions.
- Foster community engagement: Hau Dong can bring people together, creating a sense of belonging and shared identity.
- Empower women: The prominent role of women in Hau Dong can empower women and promote gender equality.
- Revitalize traditional arts: Hau Dong can revitalize traditional arts, such as music, dance, and costume design.
6.6. How Can Hau Dong Benefit Society?
Hau Dong can benefit society by:
- Promoting cultural understanding: Fostering respect and appreciation for Vietnamese culture.
- Providing spiritual guidance: Offering solace, inspiration, and guidance to individuals seeking meaning and purpose.
- Strengthening community bonds: Creating a sense of shared identity and mutual support.
- Preserving cultural heritage: Ensuring the survival of traditional arts and values.
6.7. How Can We Ensure Respectful Practice?
Ensuring respectful practice requires a commitment to upholding the ethical and spiritual values of Hau Dong. This can be achieved through education, mentorship, and community oversight.
6.8. What Role Do Practitioners Play?
Practitioners play a vital role in preserving and promoting Hau Dong. They must be knowledgeable, ethical, and committed to upholding the traditions and values of the practice.
6.9. What Role Do Cultural Organizations Play?
Cultural organizations can play a vital role in supporting Hau Dong by providing resources, promoting awareness, and facilitating dialogue.
6.10. What is the Future of Hau Dong?
The future of Hau Dong depends on the collective efforts of practitioners, cultural organizations, and the community. By addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities, we can ensure that this unique and valuable tradition continues to thrive for generations to come.
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8. Frequently Asked Questions About Hau Dong
Curious to learn more about Hau Dong? Here are some frequently asked questions and their answers.
8.1. What is the Origin of the Term “Hau Dong”?
The term “Hau Dong” translates to “service to the medium,” referring to the ritual where mediums serve as vessels for deities.
8.2. Is Hau Dong Considered a Religion?
Hau Dong is a central practice within the Đạo Mẫu (Mother Goddess religion), which is a distinct belief system with its own pantheon and rituals.
8.3. What is the Difference Between a Male and Female Medium?
Male mediums are called Ông Đồng, while female mediums are called Bà Đồng. Both can embody a wide range of deities, regardless of gender.
8.4. How Does a Medium Prepare for a Hau Dong Ceremony?
Mediums prepare through abstinence, fasting, and purification rituals to cleanse their bodies and minds, making them suitable vessels for the deities.
8.5. What Kind of Offerings Are Typically Made During Hau Dong?
Offerings include cakes, sweets, flowers, fruit, alcohol, cigarettes, toys, and jewelry. The color of the offerings often corresponds to the deity being invoked.
8.6. Can Anyone Become a Medium?
No, becoming a medium is believed to be a calling from the gods. Those chosen often experience misfortune until they accept their role.
8.7. How Long Does a Hau Dong Ceremony Last?
A Hau Dong ceremony can last for several hours, depending on the number of deities being invoked and the complexity of the rituals.
8.8. Is Hau Dong Practiced Only in Vietnam?
While Hau Dong is primarily associated with Vietnam, similar forms of spirit mediumship can be found in other Southeast Asian countries.
8.9. How Has the Vietnamese Government Addressed Hau Dong?
The Vietnamese government has initially suppressed this spiritual practice, however, they now recognize its cultural value and has taken steps to preserve and promote it as a form of cultural heritage.
8.10. How Can I Find Reputable Sources of Information About Hau Dong?
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