Are There Archaeological Findings Related to These Ancient Pagoda Sites?

Are you curious about the hidden stories beneath ancient pagoda sites? At SIXT.VN, we’re passionate about uncovering the rich history of Vietnam and its neighboring regions, and we’re here to guide you through the fascinating world of archaeological discoveries related to these sacred places. We are answering your questions about relics, structures, and cultural influences of pagodas.

1. What Archaeological Discoveries Illuminate Ancient Pagoda Sites?

Yes, archaeological findings frequently offer invaluable insights into the history, architecture, and cultural significance of ancient pagoda sites. These discoveries can include relics, structural remains, and artifacts that shed light on the origins, evolution, and religious practices associated with these sacred places.

The exploration of ancient pagoda sites has unearthed a treasure trove of information about the past. From the unearthing of Buddhist statues and relics to the revealing of architectural marvels, these findings offer a glimpse into the lives and beliefs of the people who built and worshipped at these sites.

1.1. Kashgar’s Mo’er Temple Site: A Window into Buddhist History

The Mo’er Temple Site in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China, provides a compelling example. Despite facing challenges like severe sandstorms, this site has yielded significant archaeological discoveries that illuminate the region’s Buddhist past.

1.2. Discoveries at Mo’er Temple Site

Since 2019, archaeological excavations at the Mo’er Temple Site have revealed a large-scale complex of temple buildings, including a stupa and a multi-layered square pagoda. The unearthing of plaster Buddha statues, pottery, and copper coins has provided concrete evidence that the site was a Buddhist temple from the 3rd to the early 10th centuries.

1.3. Xiao Xiaoyong’s Insights

Professor Xiao Xiaoyong, head of the archaeological excavation team at the Mo’er Temple Site, offers valuable insights into the site’s significance. He emphasizes the importance of considering archaeological findings and related research to understand the academic value of the Mo’er Temple Site and the broader context of Buddhist history research.

2. What are the Key Architectural Features of Buddhist Structures Unearthed?

The architectural features of Buddhist structures unearthed at ancient pagoda sites often reflect a blend of cultural influences and unique design elements. These features can provide clues about the origins, development, and artistic styles of the structures.

2.1. Stupas and Pagodas: Central Elements

Stupas and pagodas are central to many Buddhist temple complexes. These structures often exhibit distinctive architectural styles that vary depending on the region and period.

2.2. Mo’er Temple Site’s Architectural Highlights

At the Mo’er Temple Site, archaeologists have unearthed a stupa with three-tiered square bases, a severely damaged pagoda with a square-shaped base, and a series of residential buildings. These structures showcase a blend of influences, including Gandhara Buddhist temple architecture, while also exhibiting unique characteristics.

2.3. Gandhara Influence

The stupa’s architectural form is derived from the Indian stupa but is not identical. Its direct source is possibly the Gandhara region, belonging to the high-pagoda type of stupa. It bears a striking resemblance to the stupa paintings in the Karatepe Buddhist caves in the Amu Darya River Basin.

2.4. Transition to Chinese-Style Pagodas

The multi-layered square pagoda at the northernmost part of the site can be referred to as a pagoda-shaped stupa with niches. It is similar to the Taizangta Site in the Turpan region, which represents the transition from early pagoda type to the Chinese-style pagoda.

2.5. Similarities to Yongning Temple Pagoda

The first layer of the base at the bottom of this multi-layered square pagoda is located in the middle of a larger platform. The eastern side of the platform is relatively well-preserved, allowing archaeologists to measure its actual length, approximately 39 meters. The Yongning Temple Pagoda in Luoyang, Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), has a square-shaped platform with a side length of about 38.2 meters, almost the same as the Mo’er Temple pagoda, suggesting its use of similar construction scales as Yongning Temple.

2.6. Unique Building Structures

Between the two pagodas, archaeologists have cleared three individual buildings with a shape resembling the Chinese character “回,” which means one square encircled by another bigger one. Two of them have square plans, while the rest one has a rectangular plan. One of them, a square platform, is divided into three tiers, gradually decreasing in size from bottom to top, similar to the base of the aforementioned stupa. These buildings have yielded fragments of plaster Buddhist sculptures, indicating that they were probably Buddhist halls.

2.7. Buddhist Halls with Winding Corridors

This type of Buddhist hall with a winding corridor first appeared in Daxia and later spread to Gandhara and Xinjiang. It is worth noting that this type of Buddhist hall with one square encircled by another bigger one in Xinjiang has its own unique characteristics in terms of development and evolution. It rarely forms large-scale courtyard-style complexes with this shape. Instead, it is often composed of walls and pagodas. With the development of Buddhist sculptures in Xinjiang, the central position of the pagoda was replaced by Buddha statues, leading to the emergence of these Buddhist halls with Buddha statues at the center.

3. How Did These Pagoda Sites Influence Cultural Exchange?

Ancient pagoda sites often served as centers of cultural exchange, facilitating the transmission of religious ideas, artistic styles, and technological innovations across regions. The architecture, art, and artifacts found at these sites can reflect the diverse influences that shaped their development.

3.1. Buddhism’s Journey Along the Silk Road

The Mo’er Temple Site and other Buddhist sites in Xinjiang provide evidence of the continuous localization and enrichment of Silk Road Buddhist culture through the absorption of other cultures. Buddhism, while declining in India, flourished in the Central Plains of China and flowed back westward, forming a center for the exchange of Buddhist culture in Xiyu.

3.2. Han Chinese Influence

The influence of Chinese Buddhist culture in Xiyu is evident in the popularity of high-rise pavilion-style pagodas. These pagodas are a combination of Indian Buddhist thoughts and China’s ancient cosmology and inherent beliefs in immortals.

3.3. Grottoes with Han Chinese Characteristics

The Han Chinese-style grottoes in Kumtura have strong Central Plains’ cultural influences in terms of their mural themes and forms. They directly transplanted the sutra transformation paintings from the Central Plains, with their composition, figures, architecture, and decorative patterns being almost identical to those popular in the Central Plains.

3.4. Temple Layouts and Names

The axial symmetrical courtyard layout of the Central Plains also influenced the temple layouts in Turpan and Kucha. Furthermore, since the Tang dynasty, many Buddhist temples in Xiyu have Chinese names. For example, recent archaeological discoveries in Beiting Ancient City Site have revealed pottery fragments inscribed with “Beitian Temple”.

4. What Evidence Supports Han Chinese Buddhist Culture’s Influence?

Concrete evidence supporting the influence of Han Chinese Buddhist culture on Xiyu includes architectural styles, artifacts, and historical records. These elements demonstrate the transmission of ideas and practices from the Central Plains to the western regions.

4.1. Building Structures

At the Mo’er Temple Site, a large, centrally symmetrical building with a rectangular plane consists of a central hall, side chambers at both ends, and gatehouses on the sides. There is a spacious front courtyard in front of the building. Within this building, particularly in the central hall, archaeologists have unearthed Kaiyuan Tongbao copper coins and numerous fragments of plaster Buddhist statues. This confirms that it was a large Buddhist hall from the Tang dynasty.

4.2. Architectural Alignment

Unlike other Buddhist halls and monk quarters that face southwest or southeast, this building aligns with the square pagoda, facing northeast, suggesting that they may form a group. This unique architectural form is not found in Buddhist temples in India, Central Asia, and other regions, but shows similarities to the plane structure of traditional single buildings in China’s Central Plains, indicating possible influence from the Central Plains.

4.3. Monk Quarters

Two rectangular buildings with front courtyards consist of a front hall, side chambers on both sides, a central room, and two rear rooms. In one of the buildings, there is a hearth and a stove, while the other has an excavated cellar. These two buildings have yielded round coins with square holes, as well as coins resembling Jianlun Wuzhu, a type of coin widely used during the Han Dynasty and artifacts related to daily life, suggesting that they were monk quarters. These buildings with such structural characteristics are locally created.

4.4. Coinage System

Nearly 200 coins have been unearthed at the Mo’er Temple Site, all of which are round coins with square holes. Among them, there are coins resembling the Jianlun Wuzhu and Kaiyuan Tongbao. Many others are likely small copper coins minted locally in imitation of the Wuzhu coins, but due to severe corrosion, they are difficult to accurately identify. This coinage system is a unique symbol of Chinese culture, reflecting the important position of the Central Plains culture in the Mo’er Temple Site and the local economic life.

4.5. High-Rise Pavilion-Style Pagodas

The popularity of high-rise pavilion-style pagodas in Xiyu is another example of Chinese Buddhist culture’s influence. These pagodas are a combination of Indian Buddhist thoughts and China’s ancient cosmology and inherent beliefs in immortals. This sinicized pavilion-style pagoda was transmitted back to Xinjiang during the Tang dynasty.

5. How Did Buddhism Develop in Xiyu During the Tang Dynasty?

During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism in Xiyu flourished under the effective management of the central government. The establishment of a Buddhist administration position called dusengtong oversaw Buddhist affairs in Kucha, Shule, Khotan, and Karasahr, with Han Chinese monks serving in these positions.

5.1. Han Temples and Monks

Hui Chao, a monk from the Silla on the Korean Peninsula, arrived in Anxi (present-day Kucha in Xinjiang) in 727 seeking Buddhist teachings. According to The Biography of Hui Chao, there were numerous Han temples and Han monks in the four towns of Anxi. Kucha, Shule, and Suyab had the Deyun Temple, while Kucha also had the Longxing Temple. Khotan had the Longxing Temple and Kaiyuan Temple, all of which were official temples at the time and led by Han monks. Shule also had the Deyun Temple, with a Han monk from Minzhou as the abbot.

5.2. Han Buddhist Temple System

During the prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, Xiyu implemented a Han Buddhist temple system, with official temples as the main body following the request of the Tang Dynasty.

5.3. Non-Foreign Features

During the Northern Wei period, the monk Song Yun traveled to Xiyu to seek Buddhist scriptures. According to his travelogue, Record of Song Yun’s Journey, in Qiemo in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas had “non-foreign features”.

6. What Can Be Observed From the Path of Buddhism’s Spread in China?

The Mo’er Temple Site and other existing Buddhist sites in Xinjiang demonstrate that the transmission of Silk Road Buddhist culture was a process of continuous localization and enrichment through the absorption of other cultures.

6.1. Localization and Enrichment

While Buddhism was declining in India, it gradually flourished in the Central Plains of China and flowed back westward, forming a center for the exchange of Buddhist culture in Xiyu.

6.2. Interaction Between Xiyu and Chinese Buddhism

Buddhism, originating from Indian civilization, once it entered the East Asian Confucian cultural sphere, developed its own characteristics as Han Chinese Buddhism and gradually flowed back to Xiyu, especially in Xinjiang during the Sui (581-618) and Tang dynasties, enriching the historical connotation of Buddhism in Xiyu.

7. How Can I Plan a Trip to Explore Ancient Pagoda Sites?

Planning a trip to explore ancient pagoda sites involves careful consideration of travel logistics, cultural sensitivity, and local regulations. At SIXT.VN, we can help you create a memorable and enriching travel experience.

7.1. Research and Planning

Start by researching the specific sites you want to visit and gathering information about their history, significance, and accessibility. Consider factors such as the best time to visit, transportation options, and accommodation availability.

7.2. Cultural Sensitivity

When visiting ancient pagoda sites, it’s essential to be respectful of the local culture and customs. Dress modestly, avoid making loud noises, and refrain from touching or climbing on historical structures.

7.3. Local Regulations

Be aware of any local regulations or restrictions that may apply to visitors. Some sites may have specific rules regarding photography, entry fees, or guided tours.

7.4. SIXT.VN Services

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• Flight booking: We can help you find the best deals on flights to Vietnam.

8. How Can SIXT.VN Enhance My Travel Experience in Vietnam?

SIXT.VN offers a range of services designed to enhance your travel experience in Vietnam, making it more convenient, enjoyable, and memorable.

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9. What are the Benefits of Booking with SIXT.VN?

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10. How Can I Contact SIXT.VN to Plan My Trip?

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Let SIXT.VN help you uncover the mysteries of ancient pagoda sites and create unforgettable memories in Vietnam!

FAQ: Archaeological Findings and Ancient Pagoda Sites

1. What types of artifacts are commonly found at ancient pagoda sites?

Artifacts commonly found at ancient pagoda sites include Buddhist statues, pottery, copper coins, inscriptions, and architectural fragments. These items provide valuable insights into the religious practices, artistic styles, and cultural influences of the time.

2. How do archaeologists determine the age of pagoda sites?

Archaeologists use various dating methods to determine the age of pagoda sites, including radiocarbon dating, thermoluminescence dating, and stratigraphic analysis. They also analyze artifacts and inscriptions to establish a timeline of construction and occupation.

3. Are there any ethical considerations involved in excavating ancient pagoda sites?

Yes, ethical considerations are paramount in excavating ancient pagoda sites. Archaeologists must respect cultural sensitivities, preserve the integrity of the site, and ensure proper documentation and storage of artifacts. Collaboration with local communities and religious leaders is also essential.

4. How do archaeological findings contribute to our understanding of Buddhism?

Archaeological findings provide concrete evidence of the spread and evolution of Buddhism across different regions. They reveal the architectural styles of temples, the iconography of Buddhist art, and the rituals and practices associated with the religion.

5. Can visitors participate in archaeological excavations at pagoda sites?

In some cases, visitors may have the opportunity to participate in archaeological excavations at pagoda sites through volunteer programs or guided tours. However, this depends on the specific site and the regulations of the governing authorities.

6. What are some of the challenges in preserving ancient pagoda sites?

Preserving ancient pagoda sites faces challenges such as natural disasters, weathering, vandalism, and urban development. Conservation efforts require careful planning, skilled craftsmanship, and ongoing maintenance to protect these cultural treasures for future generations.

7. How do archaeological findings influence tourism at pagoda sites?

Archaeological findings can significantly enhance tourism at pagoda sites by increasing their historical and cultural appeal. Visitors are drawn to sites with well-documented archaeological discoveries, as they offer a deeper understanding of the past and a more enriching travel experience.

8. What role does technology play in archaeological research at pagoda sites?

Technology plays a crucial role in archaeological research at pagoda sites, with tools such as ground-penetrating radar, drones, and 3D scanning enabling archaeologists to map and analyze sites with greater precision. Digital imaging and virtual reality technologies also help reconstruct and visualize ancient structures and artifacts.

9. How can I support the preservation of ancient pagoda sites?

You can support the preservation of ancient pagoda sites by donating to conservation organizations, volunteering at excavation sites, and promoting responsible tourism. Spreading awareness about the importance of cultural heritage and advocating for sustainable preservation practices are also valuable contributions.

10. What are the most significant archaeological discoveries related to pagoda sites in Vietnam?

Some of the most significant archaeological discoveries related to pagoda sites in Vietnam include the remains of ancient temples in My Son, the Thang Long Imperial Citadel, and various sites in the Red River Delta. These findings have shed light on the development of Vietnamese Buddhism and the cultural exchange between Vietnam and other countries in the region.