What Is The Policy On Photographing Border Markers Or Military Installations? (Avoid)

Are you planning a trip to Vietnam and wondering about the rules regarding photography? What is the policy on photographing border markers or military installations? SIXT.VN is here to guide you through the do’s and don’ts of photography in Vietnam to ensure a smooth and respectful travel experience. With our comprehensive advice, you can focus on capturing the beauty of Vietnam without any legal worries.

Navigating local customs and regulations is essential for a fulfilling trip. Let’s dive into the details and discover how to travel responsibly while preserving your memories. Whether you are interested in scenic views, historical sites, or cultural experiences, understanding these guidelines will enhance your travel experience in Vietnam and ensure you comply with local laws, avoid any misunderstandings, and travel with confidence.

1. Understanding Photography Regulations in Vietnam

Photography is generally welcomed in Vietnam, but certain restrictions are in place, especially concerning sensitive locations. It’s essential to understand these regulations to avoid unintentional violations.

• General Guidelines: In most tourist areas, taking photos is allowed. Popular attractions like temples, markets, and natural landscapes are usually open for photography. However, always check for signs indicating whether photography is permitted, as some sites may have specific rules to protect artifacts or maintain a peaceful atmosphere.

• Sensitive Locations: Restrictions are stricter around border areas, military installations, and government buildings. Photographing these locations is often prohibited due to national security concerns. According to the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, these rules are in place to ensure the safety and security of the country.

• Respectful Photography: It’s important to be respectful when photographing people, especially in rural or ethnic minority areas. Always ask for permission before taking someone’s picture. This simple act of courtesy can greatly enhance your interaction with the local culture.

1.1. Legal Considerations

The legal framework surrounding photography in Vietnam is governed by national security laws. These laws are designed to protect sensitive information and maintain public order.

• National Security Laws: Article 114 of the Vietnamese Penal Code addresses acts that endanger national security. Photographing restricted areas could be interpreted as collecting information that could be used against the state. Penalties can range from warnings and fines to imprisonment, depending on the severity of the perceived offense.

• Privacy Laws: While not as stringent as in some Western countries, privacy laws in Vietnam are evolving. Taking and distributing photos of individuals without their consent can lead to legal issues, particularly if the images are used in a way that could be considered defamatory or harmful.

• Regulations for Tourists: Tourists are expected to adhere to the same laws as Vietnamese citizens. Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, so it’s crucial to be aware of these regulations before and during your travels.

1.2. Why Are These Regulations in Place?

These photography regulations exist primarily to protect national security and maintain public order. They are in line with global practices aimed at safeguarding sensitive locations and preventing the unauthorized collection of potentially harmful information.

• National Security: Border areas and military installations are considered vital to national defense. Unauthorized photography could expose vulnerabilities and compromise security measures.

• Public Order: Restrictions around government buildings are intended to prevent disruptions and maintain a sense of order. Protests or unauthorized gatherings are often prohibited, and photography could be seen as a means of organizing or inciting such activities.

• Historical Context: Vietnam has a complex history involving conflicts and security concerns. These experiences have shaped the country’s approach to national security, leading to strict regulations around sensitive sites.

1.3. Real-Life Examples

To illustrate the importance of these regulations, consider the following scenarios:

• Border Area: A tourist unknowingly takes photos of a border checkpoint while traveling in northern Vietnam. Local authorities, concerned about potential security risks, approach the tourist and request that the photos be deleted. The tourist complies, and the issue is resolved without further complications.

• Military Installation: A journalist attempts to photograph a military base in central Vietnam. Security personnel immediately intervene, confiscate the camera, and detain the journalist for questioning. The journalist is later released after promising not to publish any of the images.

• Government Building: A protester takes photos of a government building during a demonstration. Police officers arrest the protester for violating public order laws and confiscate the camera as evidence.

These examples highlight the potential consequences of violating photography regulations in Vietnam and underscore the need for travelers to be informed and respectful.

2. Specific Areas Where Photography is Restricted

Knowing the general rules is just the beginning. Understanding specific areas where photography is restricted is crucial for responsible travel in Vietnam.

• Border Areas: Photography is strictly prohibited in most border areas. These zones are sensitive due to security concerns and international relations.

• Military Installations: Military bases, checkpoints, and vehicles are off-limits for photography. Taking pictures of these sites can lead to serious legal trouble.

• Government Buildings: Photographing government buildings, especially those related to defense or security, is generally not allowed. Always err on the side of caution.

2.1. Border Markers and Checkpoints

Border markers and checkpoints are particularly sensitive areas where photography is prohibited. These locations are essential for maintaining national sovereignty and security.

• Why the Restriction?: Photographing these markers could potentially provide valuable information to foreign entities, which could be used to undermine Vietnam’s territorial integrity.

• Consequences: Violating this rule can lead to immediate detention, confiscation of equipment, and potential legal charges.

• Practical Advice: Avoid taking any photos near border areas. If you are unsure, it’s best to ask local authorities for clarification.

2.2. Military Installations and Personnel

Military installations and personnel are also subject to strict photography restrictions. This includes bases, vehicles, and individual soldiers.

• Why the Restriction?: Unauthorized photography could expose sensitive information about military capabilities, troop movements, and security protocols.

• Consequences: Similar to border areas, taking photos of military sites can result in detention, confiscation of equipment, and legal charges.

• Practical Advice: Never attempt to photograph military installations or personnel. If you accidentally capture such images, delete them immediately and avoid sharing them with anyone.

2.3. Government Buildings

Government buildings, especially those involved in defense, security, or intelligence, are also sensitive locations.

• Why the Restriction?: Photography could be seen as an attempt to gather information for malicious purposes or to disrupt government operations.

• Consequences: Depending on the nature of the building and the intent behind the photography, consequences can range from warnings to arrest and legal charges.

• Practical Advice: Be cautious when photographing any government building. If there are signs prohibiting photography, adhere to them strictly. If you are unsure, it’s best to avoid taking photos altogether.

2.4. Other Sensitive Locations

In addition to the above, there are other locations where photography may be restricted or require special permission.

• Historical Sites: Some historical sites, particularly those with religious or cultural significance, may have restrictions on photography to protect artifacts or maintain a respectful atmosphere.

• Private Property: Always respect private property and avoid taking photos without the owner’s permission.

• Restricted Areas: Certain industrial or infrastructure sites may be designated as restricted areas due to security or safety concerns. Photography in these areas is generally prohibited.

3. How to Identify Restricted Areas

Being able to identify restricted areas is key to avoiding unintentional violations. Here are some tips to help you recognize these locations:

• Signage: Look for signs indicating that photography is prohibited. These signs are usually displayed in multiple languages.

• Security Presence: A heavy security presence, such as armed guards or surveillance cameras, may indicate that an area is sensitive.

• Physical Barriers: Fences, walls, and other physical barriers often mark the boundaries of restricted areas.

3.1. Recognizing Signage

Signage is the most straightforward way to identify restricted areas. Pay attention to symbols and wording that indicate photography is not allowed.

• Common Symbols: Look for a camera symbol with a red line through it, indicating that photography is prohibited.

• Wording: Signs may also include wording such as “No Photography,” “Restricted Area,” or “Authorized Personnel Only.”

• Multiple Languages: In tourist areas, signs are often displayed in multiple languages, including English.

3.2. Identifying Security Presence

A strong security presence is another indicator of a restricted area. Be aware of armed guards, surveillance cameras, and security checkpoints.

• Armed Guards: The presence of armed guards is a clear sign that an area is sensitive and should not be photographed.

• Surveillance Cameras: A large number of surveillance cameras may also indicate that an area is under close watch.

• Security Checkpoints: Checkpoints with security personnel are common at border crossings, military installations, and government buildings.

3.3. Spotting Physical Barriers

Physical barriers such as fences, walls, and gates often mark the boundaries of restricted areas.

• Fences and Walls: High fences or walls are often used to secure military installations, government buildings, and other sensitive sites.

• Gates and Checkpoints: Gates with security checkpoints are common at the entrances to restricted areas.

• Restricted Access Points: Be aware of signs indicating restricted access points, such as “Authorized Personnel Only.”

3.4. Utilizing Local Knowledge

When in doubt, the best approach is to ask local authorities or tour guides for clarification. They can provide valuable insights into areas where photography is restricted.

• Local Authorities: Police officers or other local officials can provide guidance on photography regulations.

• Tour Guides: Tour guides are often knowledgeable about local customs and regulations and can advise you on where photography is permitted.

• Hotel Staff: Hotel staff can also provide useful information about local laws and customs.

4. Best Practices for Responsible Photography

To ensure a smooth and respectful travel experience in Vietnam, follow these best practices for responsible photography:

• Do Your Research: Before your trip, research local photography regulations and customs.

• Ask for Permission: Always ask for permission before photographing people, especially in rural areas.

• Respect Signage: Adhere to signs indicating that photography is prohibited.

• Be Discreet: Avoid drawing attention to yourself when taking photos.

• Delete Sensitive Images: If you accidentally capture images of restricted areas, delete them immediately.

4.1. Pre-Trip Research

Before you travel to Vietnam, take some time to research local photography regulations and customs.

• Online Resources: Consult online resources such as travel blogs, government websites, and tourism forums for information on photography restrictions.

• Travel Guides: Read travel guides that provide insights into local laws and customs.

• Embassy Websites: Check the websites of your country’s embassy or consulate in Vietnam for travel advisories and information on local laws.

4.2. Asking for Permission

Respectful photography involves asking for permission before taking photos of people, especially in rural or ethnic minority areas.

• Verbal Request: Approach individuals politely and ask for their consent before taking their picture.

• Non-Verbal Cues: If there is a language barrier, use non-verbal cues such as gestures and facial expressions to communicate your intentions.

• Respectful Interaction: Be respectful and understanding if someone declines to be photographed.

4.3. Adhering to Signage

Always pay attention to and adhere to signs indicating that photography is prohibited.

• No Photography Signs: Look for signs with a camera symbol and a red line through it.

• Restricted Area Signs: Be aware of signs indicating that an area is restricted and photography is not allowed.

• Authorized Personnel Only Signs: Respect signs indicating that an area is for authorized personnel only.

4.4. Being Discreet

Avoid drawing attention to yourself when taking photos. This can help you avoid unwanted attention and potential misunderstandings.

• Small Camera: Use a small, unobtrusive camera rather than a large, professional-grade one.

• Quick Shots: Take photos quickly and efficiently, without lingering or attracting attention.

• Blending In: Try to blend in with your surroundings and avoid behaving in a way that could be perceived as suspicious.

4.5. Deleting Sensitive Images

If you accidentally capture images of restricted areas, delete them immediately to avoid potential problems.

• Immediate Deletion: Delete the images as soon as you realize they are of a restricted area.

• Avoid Sharing: Do not share the images with anyone, either online or offline.

• Inform Authorities: If you are approached by authorities, cooperate fully and explain that the images were taken unintentionally and have been deleted.

5. Consequences of Violating Photography Regulations

Violating photography regulations in Vietnam can lead to serious consequences, ranging from warnings to legal charges.

• Warnings: In minor cases, authorities may issue a warning and ask you to delete the images.

• Confiscation of Equipment: Your camera or other equipment may be confiscated as evidence.

• Detention: You may be detained for questioning and investigation.

• Fines: You may be subject to fines for violating local laws.

• Legal Charges: In serious cases, you may face legal charges and potential imprisonment.

5.1. Warnings and Confiscation

The mildest consequences for violating photography regulations are warnings and confiscation of equipment.

• Warnings: Authorities may issue a verbal or written warning, advising you to avoid taking photos in restricted areas.

• Confiscation: Your camera, phone, or other equipment may be confiscated temporarily or permanently, depending on the severity of the violation.

5.2. Detention and Interrogation

Detention and interrogation are more serious consequences that can result from violating photography regulations.

• Detention: You may be detained by authorities for questioning and investigation.

• Interrogation: You may be interrogated about your intentions and the circumstances surrounding the photography.

• Legal Representation: You have the right to legal representation during detention and interrogation.

5.3. Fines and Legal Charges

The most severe consequences for violating photography regulations are fines and legal charges.

• Fines: You may be subject to fines for violating local laws and regulations. The amount of the fine will depend on the nature of the violation.

• Legal Charges: In serious cases, you may face legal charges and potential imprisonment. The severity of the charges will depend on the nature and intent of the photography.

5.4. Real-Life Examples of Consequences

To illustrate the potential consequences of violating photography regulations, consider the following real-life examples:

• Tourist Detained: A tourist was detained for taking photos of a military base in northern Vietnam. The tourist was questioned for several hours and had their camera confiscated before being released with a warning.

• Journalist Arrested: A journalist was arrested for attempting to photograph a government building during a protest. The journalist was charged with violating public order laws and faced potential imprisonment.

• Traveler Fined: A traveler was fined for taking photos of a border checkpoint without permission. The traveler was required to pay a substantial fine and had their camera confiscated.

These examples highlight the potential consequences of violating photography regulations in Vietnam and underscore the need for travelers to be informed and respectful.

6. Alternative Photography Opportunities in Vietnam

While it’s essential to be aware of photography restrictions, Vietnam offers countless opportunities for stunning and respectful photography.

• Natural Landscapes: Capture the breathtaking beauty of Vietnam’s natural landscapes, from the rice terraces of Sapa to the beaches of Phu Quoc.

• Cultural Sites: Photograph the rich cultural heritage of Vietnam, including temples, pagodas, and historical landmarks.

• Local Life: Document the vibrant everyday life of Vietnamese people, from bustling markets to traditional festivals.

6.1. Natural Landscapes

Vietnam is renowned for its stunning natural landscapes, which offer endless opportunities for breathtaking photography.

• Sapa Rice Terraces: Capture the terraced rice fields of Sapa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• Ha Long Bay: Photograph the iconic limestone karsts of Ha Long Bay, another UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• Mekong Delta: Explore the waterways and floating markets of the Mekong Delta, capturing the unique lifestyle of the region.

6.2. Cultural Sites

Vietnam’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its numerous temples, pagodas, and historical landmarks, which offer compelling subjects for photography.

• Hoi An Ancient Town: Photograph the well-preserved architecture of Hoi An Ancient Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• Hue Imperial City: Explore the former imperial capital of Hue, capturing the grandeur of the Citadel and the royal tombs.

• My Son Sanctuary: Discover the ancient Hindu temples of My Son Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

6.3. Local Life

Documenting the everyday life of Vietnamese people can provide unique and insightful photography opportunities.

• Markets: Capture the vibrant atmosphere of local markets, with their colorful displays of fresh produce and local crafts.

• Festivals: Photograph traditional festivals, such as Tet (Lunar New Year), capturing the celebrations and cultural performances.

• Street Scenes: Document the everyday activities of Vietnamese people, from street vendors to children playing in the park.

7. The Role of Local Guides and Tour Operators

Local guides and tour operators can play a crucial role in ensuring responsible and respectful photography during your travels in Vietnam.

• Expert Knowledge: Local guides possess in-depth knowledge of local customs, regulations, and sensitivities.

• Cultural Mediation: They can help you navigate cultural nuances and ensure that your photography is respectful and appropriate.

• Access to Restricted Areas: In some cases, tour operators may be able to obtain permits or permissions to access restricted areas for photography.

7.1. Benefits of Hiring a Local Guide

Hiring a local guide can offer numerous benefits for photographers in Vietnam.

• Insider Knowledge: Local guides can provide valuable insights into the best photography locations and the most appropriate times to visit them.

• Language Assistance: They can help you communicate with local people and ask for permission to take their photos.

• Cultural Sensitivity: Local guides can help you avoid cultural faux pas and ensure that your photography is respectful.

7.2. Choosing a Reputable Tour Operator

When booking a tour in Vietnam, it’s essential to choose a reputable tour operator that prioritizes responsible tourism and cultural sensitivity.

• Research: Read reviews and testimonials from other travelers to assess the tour operator’s reputation.

• Sustainability: Look for tour operators that are committed to sustainable tourism practices and support local communities.

• Cultural Sensitivity: Choose tour operators that demonstrate a strong understanding of local customs and regulations.

7.3. How to Find and Vet Guides and Tour Operators

Here are some tips on how to find and vet local guides and tour operators in Vietnam:

• Online Platforms: Use online platforms such as TripAdvisor, Viator, and GetYourGuide to find and compare tour operators.

• Recommendations: Ask for recommendations from friends, family, or other travelers who have visited Vietnam.

• Interviews: Interview potential guides or tour operators to assess their knowledge, experience, and cultural sensitivity.

8. Resources for Further Information

To stay informed about photography regulations and travel advisories in Vietnam, consult the following resources:

• Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT): The official tourism authority in Vietnam provides information on travel guidelines and regulations.

• Your Country’s Embassy or Consulate in Vietnam: These diplomatic missions offer travel advisories and information on local laws.

• Travel Blogs and Forums: Online travel blogs and forums can provide valuable insights and tips from other travelers.

8.1. Official Government Websites

Official government websites are reliable sources of information on travel regulations and advisories.

• Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT): The VNAT website provides information on travel guidelines, visa requirements, and cultural attractions.

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs website offers information on diplomatic relations, travel advisories, and consular services.

8.2. Embassy and Consulate Websites

Your country’s embassy or consulate in Vietnam can provide valuable information on local laws, travel advisories, and emergency assistance.

• Travel Advisories: Check the embassy website for travel advisories and warnings about potential risks.

• Local Laws: Review information on local laws and regulations, including photography restrictions.

• Emergency Assistance: In case of an emergency, contact the embassy or consulate for assistance.

8.3. Travel Blogs and Forums

Online travel blogs and forums can provide valuable insights and tips from other travelers who have visited Vietnam.

• Trip Reports: Read trip reports from other photographers and travelers to learn about their experiences.

• Forums: Participate in online forums to ask questions and get advice from experienced travelers.

• Reviews: Read reviews of tour operators, hotels, and attractions to make informed decisions.

9. Navigating Cultural Sensitivities

In addition to legal regulations, it’s essential to be aware of cultural sensitivities when taking photos in Vietnam.

• Religious Sites: Dress modestly and remove your shoes when visiting temples and pagodas. Avoid disrupting religious ceremonies.

• Ethnic Minorities: Seek permission before photographing people in ethnic minority communities. Be respectful of their customs and traditions.

• Funerals and Mourning: Avoid taking photos at funerals or mourning ceremonies.

9.1. Respecting Religious Sites

When visiting religious sites such as temples and pagodas, it’s important to dress modestly and behave respectfully.

• Dress Modestly: Wear clothing that covers your shoulders and knees.

• Remove Shoes: Remove your shoes before entering the temple or pagoda.

• Silence: Maintain silence and avoid making loud noises.

9.2. Interacting with Ethnic Minorities

When interacting with ethnic minority communities, it’s essential to be respectful of their customs and traditions.

• Seek Permission: Always ask for permission before taking photos of people.

• Respect Customs: Learn about and respect local customs and traditions.

• Support Local Economy: Purchase local crafts and products to support the community.

9.3. Avoiding Sensitive Situations

Avoid taking photos in sensitive situations such as funerals, mourning ceremonies, or private events.

• Funerals: Do not take photos at funerals or mourning ceremonies.

• Private Events: Respect the privacy of individuals and avoid photographing private events without permission.

• Sensitive Discussions: Avoid taking photos during sensitive discussions or negotiations.

10. What To Do If You Are Approached by Authorities

If you are approached by authorities regarding your photography, remain calm, cooperative, and respectful.

• Stay Calm: Do not panic or become defensive.

• Cooperate Fully: Cooperate fully with the authorities and answer their questions truthfully.

• Seek Assistance: If you are unsure of your rights, seek assistance from your country’s embassy or consulate.

10.1. Remaining Calm and Cooperative

Remaining calm and cooperative is the best approach when dealing with authorities.

• Stay Calm: Do not panic or become agitated.

• Speak Clearly: Speak clearly and respectfully, avoiding any confrontational language.

• Follow Instructions: Follow the instructions of the authorities and avoid resisting or arguing.

10.2. Explaining Your Actions

Clearly and honestly explain your actions to the authorities.

• Honest Explanation: Provide an honest explanation of why you were taking photos and what your intentions were.

• Lack of Knowledge: If you were unaware of the photography regulations, explain that you were not intentionally violating any laws.

• Willingness to Comply: Express your willingness to comply with the authorities’ instructions and take corrective action.

10.3. Seeking Consular Assistance

If you are unsure of your rights or if you feel that you are being treated unfairly, seek assistance from your country’s embassy or consulate.

• Contact Information: Have the contact information for your embassy or consulate readily available.

• Legal Advice: Seek legal advice from a local attorney if necessary.

• Documentation: Document all interactions with the authorities, including names, dates, and times.

11. Ethical Considerations for Travel Photography

Beyond legal and cultural considerations, ethical principles should guide your travel photography in Vietnam.

• Avoid Exploitation: Do not exploit vulnerable individuals or communities for the sake of a compelling photo.

• Promote Understanding: Use your photography to promote understanding and appreciation of Vietnamese culture.

• Give Back: Consider giving back to the communities you photograph by donating to local charities or supporting local businesses.

11.1. Avoiding Exploitation

Avoid exploiting vulnerable individuals or communities for the sake of a compelling photo.

• Respect Dignity: Treat all subjects with respect and dignity.

• Avoid Stereotypes: Avoid perpetuating stereotypes or misrepresenting individuals or communities.

• Fair Compensation: If you are using photos for commercial purposes, consider providing fair compensation to the subjects.

11.2. Promoting Understanding

Use your photography to promote understanding and appreciation of Vietnamese culture.

• Tell Stories: Share stories about the people and places you photograph.

• Context: Provide context and background information to help viewers understand the cultural significance of your images.

• Positive Representation: Focus on positive and authentic representations of Vietnamese culture.

11.3. Giving Back to the Community

Consider giving back to the communities you photograph by donating to local charities or supporting local businesses.

• Support Local Businesses: Purchase local crafts and products to support the local economy.

• Donate to Charities: Donate to local charities that are working to improve the lives of people in the communities you visit.

• Volunteer: Consider volunteering your time to help with local projects.

SIXT.VN is dedicated to ensuring your travel experience in Vietnam is seamless and enjoyable. Our comprehensive services, including airport transfers, hotel bookings, and guided tours, are designed to cater to all your needs while you explore the beauty and culture of Vietnam responsibly. We provide reliable and convenient solutions, so you can focus on capturing memorable moments. Contact us today and let SIXT.VN take care of all your travel needs, ensuring a trip filled with beautiful memories and unforgettable experiences. Plan your trip with SIXT.VN today and enjoy a smooth and memorable experience, where we ensure every detail of your travel is handled with care and professionalism.

FAQ: Photography Regulations in Vietnam

1. Is photography allowed in Vietnam?

Yes, photography is generally allowed in Vietnam, but there are restrictions in certain areas such as border zones, military installations, and government buildings. Always check for signage and be respectful of local customs.

2. What are the consequences of photographing restricted areas?

Photographing restricted areas can lead to warnings, confiscation of equipment, detention, fines, or even legal charges, depending on the severity of the violation.

3. How can I identify restricted areas?

Look for signage indicating that photography is prohibited, a heavy security presence, and physical barriers such as fences or walls. When in doubt, ask local authorities for clarification.

4. Is it okay to photograph local people?

Always ask for permission before photographing people, especially in rural or ethnic minority areas. Be respectful and understanding if someone declines to be photographed.

5. What should I do if I accidentally photograph a restricted area?

Delete the images immediately and avoid sharing them with anyone. If approached by authorities, cooperate fully and explain that the images were taken unintentionally and have been deleted.

6. Are there any cultural sensitivities I should be aware of when taking photos?

Yes, dress modestly and remove your shoes when visiting religious sites. Be respectful of ethnic minority communities and avoid taking photos at funerals or mourning ceremonies.

7. Can local guides and tour operators help with responsible photography?

Yes, local guides and tour operators can provide valuable insights into local customs, regulations, and sensitivities. They can also help you navigate cultural nuances and ensure that your photography is respectful.

8. What resources can I consult for more information on photography regulations in Vietnam?

Consult the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT), your country’s embassy or consulate in Vietnam, and online travel blogs and forums.

9. What should I do if I am approached by authorities regarding my photography?

Remain calm, cooperative, and respectful. Explain your actions clearly and honestly, and seek assistance from your country’s embassy or consulate if necessary.

10. What are some alternative photography opportunities in Vietnam?

Capture the breathtaking beauty of Vietnam’s natural landscapes, the rich cultural heritage of its temples and historical landmarks, and the vibrant everyday life of its people in bustling markets and traditional festivals.