**What Is The History Behind The Border Demarcation With China In This Region?**

Are you planning a trip to Vietnam and curious about its history, especially the border demarcation with China? Understanding this complex issue can enrich your travel experience. SIXT.VN is here to provide you with insights into this fascinating aspect of Vietnamese history, along with convenient travel services. Discover the historical context and simplify your travel arrangements with our reliable services. Enjoy a seamless trip with SIXT.VN, where you can easily book airport transfers, hotels, sightseeing tours, and flights.

1. What Were The Principles Agreed Upon For Border Demarcation Between Vietnam And China?

The principles agreed upon for border demarcation between Vietnam and China were based on historical documents and mutual compromise. These principles include utilizing the 1887-1895 Convention signed by France and China, conducting field investigations, returning managed areas inside the other’s territory, referring to international customs for river and stream borders, maintaining stability for long-term residential areas, and establishing a joint working team for detailed discussions.

Expanding on these principles:

• Historical Documents: The primary basis was the 1887-1895 Convention between France and China (Qing Dynasty). These documents, along with historical maps and defined border markers, were crucial in redefining the land borderline.
• Field Investigations: When consensus could not be reached, field investigations were conducted, emphasizing sympathy, compromise, and friendly negotiation to reach fair solutions.
• Territory Returns: Areas managed by one side but located inside the other’s territory were, in principle, to be returned without conditions. Special areas could be adjusted through friendly negotiations based on mutual compromise and equity.
• River and Stream Borders: International customs were considered for settling issues related to river and stream borders.
• Residential Areas: Stability of life for inhabitants in overlapping residential areas was to be maintained.
• Joint Working Team: A joint working team was established to hold detailed discussions on related issues, conducting 16 rounds of negotiations between 1994 and 1999.

These principles ensured a fair and mutually agreeable resolution to the complex border issues between Vietnam and China. For travelers interested in exploring the historical context of these border regions, SIXT.VN offers comprehensive tour packages that provide deep insights into the cultural and geographical significance of these areas.

2. What Formula Was Used For The Land Borderline Negotiation Between Vietnam And China?

The formula used for the land borderline negotiation between Vietnam and China was based on the 1993 Agreement on Basic Principles, involving map comparisons and resolution of disputed areas. Each side drew a borderline based on their assessment of legal documents and exchanged maps to identify similar and dissimilar border sections.

Here’s a detailed breakdown of the formula:

• Map Comparison: Both sides created maps of borderline orientation based on the 1887-1895 France-China Convention. These maps were then exchanged to compare each side’s interpretation of the borderline.
• Identification of Common Sections: Approximately 900 km out of the total 1,350 km of the borderline matched on both maps, indicating areas of agreement.
• Resolution of Disputed Areas: The remaining 450 km included 164 disputed areas (Areas C), covering about 227 sq. km, and 125 areas with technical differences totaling almost five sq. km. Technical differences were resolved quickly using technical measures.
• Settlement of Areas C: The key was settling the 164 Areas C. By the end of 1999, an agreement was reached, defining about 113 sq. km as belonging to Vietnam and about 114 sq. km as belonging to China.
• Memorandum of Understanding: The solutions for these 164 Areas C were detailed in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and incorporated into the 1999 Vietnam-China Treaty on the Land Borderline.
• River and Stream Sections: Border sections along rivers and streams were defined based on the 1887 and 1895 France-China Conventions. Sections not clearly defined were settled according to international practices, with the borderline following the median strip of waterways passable to ships or the median strip of the water flow for non-navigable sections.

The outcome ensured equity and satisfaction for both sides, meeting the long-term interests of Vietnam. If you’re planning a visit to Vietnam, SIXT.VN provides reliable transportation services to explore these historic border regions. Consider booking our convenient airport transfer and car rental services for a hassle-free experience.

3. How Accurate Are Claims Of Vietnam Losing Land In Border Negotiations With China?

Claims of Vietnam losing a large land area, such as 700 sq. km, in border negotiations with China are inaccurate and groundless. The total disputed land areas (Areas C) amounted to 227 sq. km, with approximately 113 sq. km defined as belonging to Vietnam and 114 sq. km to China.

To clarify the inaccuracies:

• Disputed Area Size: The total disputed land was 227 sq. km, not 700 sq. km.
• Equal Distribution: Of this 227 sq. km, about 113 sq. km were assigned to Vietnam, and about 114 sq. km to China, indicating an approximately equal division.
• Negotiation Basis: The negotiations involved areas where both sides had different perceptions of the borderline. Concessions were made by both sides based on legal grounds and evidence to reach a fair and acceptable agreement.

The negotiations aimed for mutual satisfaction, not solely meeting the demands of one side. These discussions were essential due to differing interpretations of the borderline’s path. For visitors interested in understanding the factual details and historical context, SIXT.VN offers guided tours to the border regions, providing accurate information and insights.

4. What Was The Outcome Regarding Ban Gioc Waterfall And Huu Nghi Quan?

The Ban Gioc Waterfall and Huu Nghi Quan areas were resolved through applying relevant factors and principles to arrive at a mutually acceptable agreement. For Ban Gioc Waterfall, the borderline was defined based on international practices for river and stream borders, following the median of the main flow. For Huu Nghi Quan, the borderline was fixed in relation to the road and railway sections.

Details on the resolution include:

• Ban Gioc Waterfall: As an area with a borderline defined on rivers and streams, the border was agreed to be drawn based on international practices, following the median of the main flow. The exact measurement and definition of the main flow were determined jointly.
• Huu Nghi Quan (You Yi Guan): For the road section, the 1886 French-Chinese agreement stipulated that the borderline lies south of Ai Nam Quan (Nanguan gate). Border marker No. 18 was fixed to define the borderline along the road from Nam Quan to Dong Dang. For the railway section, the borderline was set 148m north of the point where the two countries’ railways meet.

These solutions were deemed satisfactory, meeting the interests and aspirations of both sides. SIXT.VN provides transportation and tour services to both Ban Gioc Waterfall and Huu Nghi Quan, offering travelers the chance to see these resolved border areas firsthand.

5. What Is The Significance Of Settling The Vietnam-China Land Border Issue?

Settling the Vietnam-China land border issue by signing the Treaty on the Land Border completely resolved one of the three long-standing border and territory issues. This treaty clearly defined the land demarcation line, facilitated better border management, and contributed to building a border area of peace, friendship, and stability.

The significance includes:

• Resolution of Long-Standing Issues: The treaty resolved one of the three main border issues with China, which had persisted for a long time.
• Clearer Definition: Compared to previous conventions, the treaty provided a more specific and clear definition of the land demarcation line using modern equipment.
• Improved Border Management: The clearer definition facilitated better management and maintenance of stability in the border region.
• Promotion of Cooperation: The settlement fostered mutual trust and created momentum for increased cooperation with China, guided by principles of friendly neighborliness, comprehensive cooperation, long-lasting stability, and a forward-looking approach.

The resolution marked an important era in Vietnam’s history and its relations with China, contributing to regional stabilization. SIXT.VN supports this progress by providing reliable and convenient travel services, ensuring visitors can explore and appreciate the regions affected by these historical developments.

6. What Was The Progress Of Planting Border Markers?

The placement of the first border markers at major border gates such as Mong Cai-Dong Xing and Lao Cai-He Kou marked significant progress in implementing the border task. Joint committees reviewed preparations for border-marker installation, agreeing on the planting of 1,533 border markers, a substantial increase from the previous 300 markers under the France-China Convention.

Key achievements include:

• Initial Placement: The placement of initial border markers at key border gates signaled a major step forward.
• Joint Committee Review: Joint committees reviewed preparations, ensuring smooth implementation.
• Increased Number of Markers: Agreement was reached to plant 1,533 border markers, significantly more than the 300 under the old convention.
• Joint Teams: Twelve joint border-marker placement teams met to discuss implementation measures and place markers along the entire borderline.

The goal was to complete border delineation and marker placement within three years, followed by a protocol on border delineation and a treaty on border regulations. For travelers interested in witnessing these milestones, SIXT.VN offers comprehensive travel solutions, including transportation to border regions and insightful tours.

7. How Did The 1999 Viet Nam-China Treaty On Land Borderline Impact Regional Stability?

The 1999 Viet Nam-China Treaty on Land Borderline significantly contributed to regional stability by resolving long-standing territorial disputes, fostering peaceful relations, and enhancing mutual trust between the two nations. This positive development set a precedent for peaceful conflict resolution and cooperation in the region.

Key Impacts on Regional Stability:

• Resolution of Disputes: The treaty resolved one of the three major outstanding border issues, reducing potential sources of conflict.
• Enhanced Mutual Trust: By achieving a mutually agreeable outcome through negotiation and compromise, the treaty fostered trust between Viet Nam and China.
• Precedent for Peaceful Resolution: The successful demarcation served as a model for resolving territorial issues through peaceful means.
• Economic Cooperation: A stable border facilitated increased economic cooperation and trade between the two countries, benefiting the region.
• Regional Appreciation: The international community and regional partners widely appreciated the treaty for its contribution to regional peace.

SIXT.VN acknowledges the importance of regional stability for tourism and offers services that promote safe and informed travel experiences. Our local expertise and reliable transportation options enable travelers to explore the region with confidence, appreciating the rich history and culture.

8. What Role Did International Law And Practices Play In The Demarcation Process?

International law and practices played a crucial role in guiding the demarcation process between Viet Nam and China, ensuring a fair and equitable resolution that adhered to recognized principles of border delineation. Both countries referenced these standards when defining the borderline, especially in areas with unclear historical precedents.

Specific Applications of International Law and Practices:

• River and Stream Borders: For river and stream sections not clearly defined by the 1887 and 1895 France-China Conventions, international practices were used to determine the borderline.
• Median Line Principle: In river and stream sections passable to ships and boats, the borderline was defined as the median strip of the waterways, consistent with international maritime law.
• Water Flow Determination: For river and stream sections not used for navigation, the borderline was defined as the median strip of the water flow or the main water flow, following established practices.
• Interpretation of Treaties: The interpretation and application of the 1887 and 1895 Conventions were guided by principles of treaty interpretation under international law.

SIXT.VN understands the significance of international law in fostering stability and cooperation. We are committed to providing accurate information and reliable services that enable travelers to explore the region with a sense of security and appreciation for the legal frameworks that underpin international relations.

9. How Did The Negotiation Teams Address The Different Perceptions Of The Borderline?

The negotiation teams addressed the different perceptions of the borderline by engaging in extensive discussions, comparing maps, conducting field investigations, and making concessions based on legal grounds and evidence. This collaborative approach ensured that both sides’ concerns were addressed and a mutually acceptable outcome was achieved.

Strategies for Addressing Different Perceptions:

• Map Comparisons: Both sides compared maps of borderline orientation to identify areas of agreement and disagreement.
• Field Investigations: When consensus could not be reached, field investigations were conducted to assess the geographical conditions and gather additional evidence.
• Legal Grounds and Evidence: Each side presented legal documents, historical records, and other evidence to support their claims.
• Mutual Concessions: In areas without clear legal grounds or evidence, both sides made concessions to reach a fair and equitable agreement.
• Compromise and Understanding: The negotiation teams fostered a spirit of compromise and mutual understanding, recognizing that the outcome had to meet the interests and aspirations of both sides.

SIXT.VN values the importance of understanding different perspectives and fostering respectful dialogue. We offer travel services that promote cultural exchange and appreciation, enabling travelers to engage with diverse communities and gain a deeper understanding of the region.

10. What Lessons Can Be Learned From The Viet Nam-China Border Demarcation Process?

Several valuable lessons can be learned from the Viet Nam-China border demarcation process, including the importance of historical documents, peaceful negotiations, mutual compromise, and adherence to international law. These lessons can guide future efforts to resolve territorial disputes and promote regional stability.

Key Lessons Learned:

• Historical Documents: Relying on historical documents, treaties, and maps provides a solid foundation for resolving border issues.
• Peaceful Negotiations: Engaging in peaceful negotiations, characterized by dialogue, compromise, and mutual respect, is essential for reaching mutually acceptable outcomes.
• Mutual Compromise: A willingness to make concessions and find common ground is necessary to overcome differences and achieve a fair resolution.
• Adherence to International Law: Following international law and practices ensures that the demarcation process is conducted in a just and equitable manner.
• Regional Cooperation: Collaborative efforts between neighboring countries can contribute to regional stability and foster long-term peace.

SIXT.VN is committed to promoting responsible and sustainable tourism practices. By highlighting the lessons learned from the Viet Nam-China border demarcation process, we encourage travelers to appreciate the importance of peaceful conflict resolution and regional cooperation.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What were the main legal documents used to define the border between Vietnam and China?

The main legal documents used were the 1887-1895 Conventions signed by France and China (Qing Dynasty). These conventions and related historical maps were crucial for redefining the land borderline.

2. How did Vietnam and China resolve disagreements during the border demarcation process?

Disagreements were resolved through field investigations, sympathy, compromise, and friendly negotiation. This approach ensured a fair and proper solution acceptable to both sides.

3. What happened to areas managed by one side but located within the other’s territory?

In principle, these areas were returned to the other side without conditions. Special areas were adjusted through friendly negotiations, based on mutual compromise and equity.

4. How did the two countries handle border sections along rivers and streams?

Border sections along rivers and streams were defined based on the 1887 and 1895 France-China Conventions. Unclear sections were settled according to international practices, such as the median strip of waterways.

5. What was the extent of the disputed land areas during the negotiations?

The total disputed land areas (Areas C) amounted to 227 sq. km, with approximately 113 sq. km defined as belonging to Vietnam and 114 sq. km to China.

6. What were the outcomes for Ban Gioc Waterfall and Huu Nghi Quan in the border agreement?

For Ban Gioc Waterfall, the border was defined by the median of the main flow, following international practices for river borders. For Huu Nghi Quan, the borderline was fixed in relation to road and railway sections based on historical agreements.

7. What impact did the 1999 Treaty on the Land Borderline have on relations between Vietnam and China?

The treaty significantly improved relations by resolving long-standing border issues, fostering mutual trust, and promoting cooperation. It marked a new era of peaceful relations.

8. How many border markers were agreed to be placed along the Vietnam-China border?

The two sides agreed to place 1,533 border markers, a substantial increase from the previous 300 under the France-China Convention.

9. How did international law influence the border demarcation process?

International law guided the demarcation process, especially in defining river and stream borders and interpreting historical treaties. It ensured fairness and equity in the resolution.

10. What lessons can other countries learn from the Vietnam-China border resolution?

Lessons include the importance of historical documents, peaceful negotiations, mutual compromise, and adherence to international law for resolving territorial disputes and promoting regional stability.