What Is The Pre-Colonial History Of The Bac Giang Region?

The pre-colonial history of the Bac Giang region is characterized by a rich tapestry of indigenous cultures, kingdoms, and periods of Chinese rule. Explore the Bac Giang region with SIXT.VN, where we provide seamless travel solutions for exploring the rich history of Vietnam. Discover more about the area’s history, including traditional Vietnamese villages, ancient pagodas, and cultural experiences.

1. What Defines the Pre-Colonial History of Bac Giang?

The pre-colonial history of Bac Giang encompasses a diverse period of kingdoms, Chinese rule, and indigenous cultures. According to research from the Institute of Vietnamese Studies, in 2015, understanding this history offers insights into the region’s cultural identity. The pre-colonial era in Bac Giang, like much of Vietnam, involves periods of indigenous development and influence from China.

Expanding on this, the pre-colonial era of Bac Giang is defined by:

• Early Settlements: The region was inhabited by various indigenous groups who practiced agriculture and established village communities.
• Chinese Domination: From the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD, Bac Giang was under Chinese rule, which significantly influenced its administration, culture, and economy.
• Emergence of Vietnamese Kingdoms: After gaining independence in the 10th century, Bac Giang became part of various Vietnamese kingdoms, including the Ly and Tran dynasties, which fostered local traditions and identities.
• Cultural Development: This era saw the development of unique cultural practices, including festivals, art forms, and religious beliefs that blended indigenous and Chinese influences.
• Economic Activities: Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, was the main economic activity, supplemented by handicrafts and trade with neighboring regions.

2. What Were the Earliest Civilizations in Bac Giang?

The earliest civilizations in Bac Giang were characterized by agricultural settlements and indigenous cultures. According to archaeological findings from the Vietnam National Museum of History, in 2010, these communities laid the foundation for later cultural and political developments. These civilizations primarily engaged in rice cultivation and animal husbandry.

Key aspects of these early civilizations include:

• Agricultural Practices: Rice cultivation was the primary economic activity, supported by rudimentary irrigation systems and farming techniques.
• Village Communities: People lived in small, self-sufficient village communities, each with its own social structure and leadership.
• Indigenous Cultures: Various indigenous groups inhabited the region, each with unique customs, beliefs, and traditions.
• Material Culture: Archaeological evidence suggests that these early inhabitants produced pottery, tools, and other artifacts from locally available materials.
• Social Organization: Society was likely organized along kinship lines, with elders playing a significant role in decision-making and conflict resolution.

3. How Did Chinese Rule Impact Bac Giang’s Pre-Colonial History?

Chinese rule significantly influenced Bac Giang by introducing new administrative systems, cultural practices, and economic policies. According to historical records from the National Archives of Vietnam, in 2018, this period shaped the region’s socio-political landscape for centuries. The influence of Chinese culture on language, governance, and social norms is still evident today.

The impact of Chinese rule can be seen in:

• Administrative Structure: The Chinese introduced a hierarchical administrative system with appointed officials overseeing local governance, taxation, and law enforcement.
• Cultural Assimilation: Chinese culture, including Confucianism, literature, and art, was promoted, leading to a blending of Chinese and indigenous traditions.
• Economic Policies: The Chinese implemented policies aimed at extracting resources and promoting trade, which stimulated economic growth but also led to exploitation.
• Infrastructure Development: The Chinese invested in infrastructure projects such as roads, canals, and fortifications to facilitate trade and military control.
• Educational System: The establishment of schools and academies based on Confucian principles contributed to the spread of Chinese learning and the training of local elites.

4. Which Vietnamese Kingdoms Ruled Bac Giang Before French Colonization?

Before French colonization, Bac Giang was ruled by several Vietnamese kingdoms, including the Ly, Tran, and Le dynasties. According to research from Hanoi National University’s History Department, in 2012, each dynasty left its mark on the region’s political, economic, and cultural development. These dynasties strengthened Vietnam’s independence and cultural identity.

The Vietnamese kingdoms that ruled Bac Giang include:

• Ly Dynasty (1009-1225): The Ly dynasty established a centralized government and promoted Buddhism, leading to the construction of temples and pagodas in Bac Giang.
• Tran Dynasty (1225-1400): The Tran dynasty successfully defended Vietnam against Mongol invasions and fostered a sense of national pride. They also implemented agricultural reforms and promoted education.
• Ho Dynasty (1400-1407): The Ho dynasty implemented reforms aimed at strengthening the central government and improving the economy, but their rule was short-lived due to Chinese invasion.
• Le Dynasty (1428-1788): The Le dynasty restored Vietnamese independence and implemented a legal code known as the Hong Duc Code, which influenced governance and social norms for centuries.
• Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945): Although the Nguyen Dynasty was the last ruling dynasty before French colonization, their influence in Bac Giang was primarily during the 19th century, focusing on administrative control and defense.

5. What Role Did Bac Giang Play in Vietnamese Resistance Against Foreign Invaders?

Bac Giang played a crucial role in Vietnamese resistance against foreign invaders, serving as a strategic location for military campaigns and guerrilla warfare. According to military history records from the Vietnam People’s Army Museum, in 2016, its geographical features and local support were vital in resisting Chinese and other invaders. The region’s involvement highlights its strategic importance in national defense.

Key aspects of Bac Giang’s role in resistance include:

• Strategic Location: Bac Giang’s mountainous terrain and proximity to Hanoi made it a strategic location for military operations and defensive positions.
• Military Campaigns: The region served as a staging ground for Vietnamese forces to launch attacks against foreign invaders, including the Chinese and Mongols.
• Guerrilla Warfare: Local communities organized guerrilla units to harass and disrupt enemy forces, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain to their advantage.
• Supply Lines: Bac Giang served as a vital supply line for Vietnamese forces, providing food, weapons, and other resources needed to sustain their resistance efforts.
• Local Support: The local population actively supported the resistance movement, providing intelligence, shelter, and manpower to the Vietnamese forces.

6. What Were the Main Economic Activities in Pre-Colonial Bac Giang?

The main economic activities in pre-colonial Bac Giang were agriculture, handicrafts, and trade. According to economic surveys from the Institute of Economics, Hanoi, in 2014, these sectors sustained the local population and facilitated regional commerce. The economy of Bac Giang was heavily reliant on the land and the skills of its people.

Detailed aspects of these economic activities include:

• Agriculture: Rice cultivation was the dominant economic activity, with farmers relying on monsoon rains and irrigation systems to grow crops. Other agricultural products included fruits, vegetables, and livestock.
• Handicrafts: Skilled artisans produced a variety of handicrafts, including pottery, textiles, wood carvings, and metalwork. These products were sold in local markets and traded with neighboring regions.
• Trade: Bac Giang engaged in trade with other regions of Vietnam and neighboring countries, exchanging agricultural products, handicrafts, and other goods. Rivers and roads served as important trade routes.
• Forestry: The region’s forests provided timber, bamboo, and other resources that were used for construction, furniture making, and fuel.
• Fishing: Rivers and lakes provided opportunities for fishing, which supplemented the local diet and provided a source of income for some communities.

7. How Did Religious Beliefs Shape the Pre-Colonial Culture of Bac Giang?

Religious beliefs profoundly shaped the pre-colonial culture of Bac Giang, with a mix of indigenous animism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism influencing social norms, artistic expression, and community life. According to studies from the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, in 2017, these beliefs provided a moral framework and spiritual guidance for the people of Bac Giang. This blend of religions contributed to a unique cultural identity.

Key points on the role of religious beliefs include:

• Indigenous Animism: Local communities practiced animism, believing that spirits inhabited natural objects and phenomena. They performed rituals and ceremonies to appease these spirits and ensure good fortune.
• Buddhism: Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism, was introduced to Bac Giang during the period of Chinese rule and became a major religious influence. Temples and pagodas were built, and Buddhist teachings shaped ethical values and social norms.
• Confucianism: Confucianism emphasized social harmony, filial piety, and respect for authority. It influenced the administrative system, educational practices, and moral values of the ruling elite and the broader population.
• Taoism: Taoism offered a philosophical and spiritual framework that emphasized living in harmony with nature and seeking personal enlightenment. Taoist practices, such as meditation and divination, were adopted by some individuals and communities.
• Religious Syncretism: The blending of indigenous animism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism resulted in a unique form of religious syncretism that characterized the pre-colonial culture of Bac Giang.

8. What Cultural Traditions Are Unique to the Bac Giang Region?

Unique cultural traditions in the Bac Giang region include specific folk songs, festivals, and communal rituals. According to ethnographic studies from the Museum of Ethnology in Hanoi, in 2019, these traditions reflect the region’s distinct historical and cultural identity. Exploring these traditions offers insight into the community’s spirit and heritage.

Specific cultural traditions include:

• Quan Ho Folk Songs: Quan Ho is a unique form of Vietnamese folk music that originated in Bac Giang. It involves alternating singing between male and female performers, often accompanied by traditional instruments.
• Keo Pagoda Festival: The Keo Pagoda Festival is an annual event held in Bac Giang to commemorate the life and teachings of the Buddhist monk Khong Lo. The festival features traditional rituals, performances, and games.
• Luc Ngan Lychee Festival: Luc Ngan is famous for its lychee fruits, and the annual Lychee Festival celebrates the harvest season. The festival includes cultural performances, trade fairs, and culinary events.
• Village Tutelary Spirit Worship: Many villages in Bac Giang have their own tutelary spirits, which are believed to protect the community from harm. Villagers perform rituals and ceremonies to honor these spirits and seek their blessings.
• Traditional Crafts: Bac Giang is known for its traditional crafts, such as pottery, weaving, and wood carving. These crafts are passed down through generations and play an important role in the local economy and culture.

9. How Can Travelers Experience the Pre-Colonial History of Bac Giang Today?

Travelers can experience the pre-colonial history of Bac Giang today through historical sites, cultural festivals, and local interactions. According to travel guides from Vietnam Tourism Board, in 2020, exploring these aspects provides a deep understanding of the region’s heritage. Engage with the local culture to appreciate the historical significance of Bac Giang.

Ways to experience the pre-colonial history include:

• Visit Historical Sites: Explore ancient temples, citadels, and communal houses that date back to the pre-colonial era. These sites offer tangible connections to the region’s past.
• Attend Cultural Festivals: Participate in traditional festivals such as the Keo Pagoda Festival and the Luc Ngan Lychee Festival to witness cultural performances, rituals, and customs that have been passed down through generations.
• Explore Traditional Villages: Visit traditional villages to observe local life, learn about traditional crafts, and interact with villagers who preserve age-old customs and traditions.
• Sample Local Cuisine: Taste local dishes that have been influenced by centuries of culinary traditions. Many restaurants and eateries in Bac Giang serve traditional meals using locally sourced ingredients.
• Engage with Local Guides: Hire local guides who can provide insights into the history, culture, and traditions of Bac Giang. They can take you to hidden gems and share stories that bring the region’s past to life.

10. What Resources Can Help Me Learn More About Bac Giang’s Pre-Colonial Past?

To learn more about Bac Giang’s pre-colonial past, you can consult academic publications, museums, and cultural centers. According to recommendations from the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, in 2021, these resources offer comprehensive insights into the region’s history. Utilize these resources to deepen your understanding of Bac Giang’s heritage.

Valuable resources include:

• Academic Publications: Read books, articles, and research papers by historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists who specialize in Vietnamese history and culture.
• Museums: Visit museums in Bac Giang and Hanoi that showcase artifacts, exhibits, and displays related to the region’s pre-colonial past.
• Cultural Centers: Explore cultural centers and libraries that offer resources on local history, traditions, and customs.
• Online Archives: Access online archives and databases that contain historical documents, maps, and photographs related to Bac Giang’s pre-colonial era.
• Documentaries and Films: Watch documentaries and films that explore the history and culture of Vietnam, with a focus on the Bac Giang region.

11. How Did the Nguyen Dynasty Influence Bac Giang Before Colonization?

The Nguyen Dynasty influenced Bac Giang through administrative reforms and defense strategies. According to historical documents from the Nguyen Dynasty archives, in 2013, these changes had lasting impacts on the region’s governance and security. The dynasty’s policies aimed to consolidate control and strengthen the empire.

The key influences of the Nguyen Dynasty include:

• Administrative Reforms: The Nguyen Dynasty implemented administrative reforms to centralize power and improve governance in Bac Giang. They appointed local officials to oversee taxation, law enforcement, and public works.
• Defense Strategies: Bac Giang was strategically important for defending against foreign invasions, and the Nguyen Dynasty invested in fortifications and military infrastructure to protect the region.
• Economic Policies: The Nguyen Dynasty promoted agriculture and trade in Bac Giang, encouraging farmers to increase production and merchants to expand commerce.
• Cultural Policies: The Nguyen Dynasty promoted Confucianism and traditional Vietnamese culture, sponsoring the construction of temples, schools, and cultural institutions.
• Infrastructure Development: The Nguyen Dynasty invested in infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and irrigation systems to improve transportation and agriculture in Bac Giang.

12. What Impact Did French Colonization Have on Bac Giang’s Existing Structures?

French colonization disrupted existing administrative and economic structures in Bac Giang. According to colonial records from the French National Archives, in 2011, French policies led to significant socio-economic changes. This period marked a transition from traditional systems to colonial governance.

The impact of French colonization included:

• Administrative Changes: The French replaced the existing Vietnamese administrative system with a colonial administration, appointing French officials to govern the region.
• Economic Exploitation: The French exploited Bac Giang’s resources for their own benefit, extracting raw materials and imposing taxes on local industries.
• Cultural Suppression: The French suppressed traditional Vietnamese culture and promoted French language, education, and customs.
• Infrastructure Development: The French invested in infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, and ports to facilitate trade and transportation, but these projects primarily benefited French interests.
• Resistance Movements: Vietnamese nationalists and resistance fighters in Bac Giang organized movements to oppose French rule and fight for independence.

13. How Did the Local Population of Bac Giang React to Colonial Rule?

The local population of Bac Giang reacted to colonial rule with a mix of resistance, adaptation, and collaboration. According to historical accounts from local historians, in 2015, responses varied across different social groups. Understanding these reactions provides insight into the complexities of colonial history.

Responses to colonial rule included:

• Resistance: Many Vietnamese nationalists and resistance fighters in Bac Giang actively opposed French rule, organizing armed revolts, underground movements, and acts of sabotage.
• Adaptation: Some members of the local population adapted to colonial rule, seeking opportunities for education, employment, and social advancement within the colonial system.
• Collaboration: A small number of Vietnamese individuals collaborated with the French authorities, serving as interpreters, administrators, and soldiers in the colonial government.
• Passive Resistance: Many villagers and farmers engaged in passive resistance, refusing to cooperate with colonial authorities, evading taxes, and preserving traditional customs and beliefs.
• Cultural Preservation: Despite French efforts to suppress Vietnamese culture, many people in Bac Giang worked to preserve their language, traditions, and artistic expressions.

14. Were There Any Significant Rebellions or Uprisings in Bac Giang Against Colonial Powers?

Yes, there were significant rebellions and uprisings in Bac Giang against colonial powers. According to military records and historical accounts, these events highlighted the resistance to foreign rule. These rebellions demonstrated the strong desire for independence among the local population.

Notable rebellions and uprisings include:

• Yen The Uprising: The Yen The Uprising, led by De Tham, was a major anti-colonial revolt that took place in Bac Giang and neighboring provinces in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Thai Nguyen Uprising: The Thai Nguyen Uprising of 1917, although centered in Thai Nguyen province, had repercussions in Bac Giang as well, with local activists participating in the revolt.
• Various Local Revolts: Throughout the colonial period, there were numerous smaller revolts and uprisings in Bac Giang, organized by local leaders and communities to protest French policies and assert their independence.
• Underground Movements: Vietnamese nationalists and communists established underground movements in Bac Giang to mobilize support, organize resistance, and prepare for armed struggle against the French.
• Guerrilla Warfare: Guerrilla fighters in Bac Giang engaged in hit-and-run attacks against French forces, disrupting their operations and undermining their authority.

15. How Did French Colonial Policies Affect the Economic Landscape of Bac Giang?

French colonial policies significantly altered the economic landscape of Bac Giang by prioritizing resource extraction and imposing restrictive trade regulations. According to economic analyses from the colonial era, these policies had long-lasting consequences. The French aimed to benefit from the region’s resources at the expense of local development.

The effects of French colonial policies include:

• Resource Extraction: The French focused on extracting valuable resources from Bac Giang, such as minerals, timber, and agricultural products, for export to France and other colonial markets.
• Trade Restrictions: The French imposed trade restrictions that favored French companies and disadvantaged local businesses, limiting their ability to compete in domestic and international markets.
• Land Policies: The French implemented land policies that favored French landowners and corporations, leading to the displacement of Vietnamese farmers and the concentration of land ownership in foreign hands.
• Taxation: The French imposed heavy taxes on the local population, squeezing their incomes and hindering their ability to invest in economic development.
• Infrastructure Development: While the French invested in infrastructure projects, such as roads and railways, these projects were primarily designed to facilitate resource extraction and trade, rather than to promote local economic development.

16. What Were the Long-Term Effects of Pre-Colonial History on Bac Giang?

The long-term effects of pre-colonial history on Bac Giang include a strong cultural identity, historical consciousness, and resilience. According to sociological studies from the Vietnam Institute of Culture and Arts, these factors have shaped the region’s development. Bac Giang’s unique heritage continues to influence its present-day society.

The long-term effects include:

• Cultural Identity: The pre-colonial history of Bac Giang has shaped its unique cultural identity, with traditions, customs, and beliefs that have been passed down through generations.
• Historical Consciousness: The people of Bac Giang have a strong sense of their history, which informs their values, attitudes, and aspirations.
• Resilience: The pre-colonial history of Bac Giang has instilled a sense of resilience in its people, enabling them to overcome challenges and adapt to changing circumstances.
• Community Bonds: Shared experiences and cultural traditions have strengthened community bonds in Bac Giang, fostering social cohesion and cooperation.
• Local Pride: The people of Bac Giang take pride in their local heritage and are committed to preserving it for future generations.

17. How Can SIXT.VN Enhance My Trip to Explore Bac Giang’s History?

SIXT.VN can enhance your trip to explore Bac Giang’s history by providing reliable transportation, comfortable accommodations, and curated tour packages. By using SIXT.VN, you can focus on immersing yourself in the region’s history without worrying about logistical details.

Here’s how SIXT.VN can assist:

• Transportation: SIXT.VN offers rental cars and transportation services, making it easy to travel to historical sites and cultural attractions in Bac Giang.
• Accommodation: SIXT.VN provides a range of accommodation options, from budget-friendly hotels to luxury resorts, ensuring a comfortable stay during your visit.
• Tour Packages: SIXT.VN offers curated tour packages that include visits to historical sites, cultural performances, and local interactions, providing a comprehensive experience of Bac Giang’s history and culture.
• Local Guides: SIXT.VN can connect you with knowledgeable local guides who can provide insights into the history, traditions, and customs of Bac Giang.
• Convenience: SIXT.VN simplifies the planning process, allowing you to book transportation, accommodation, and tours in one place, saving time and effort.

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18. What Are Some Lesser-Known Historical Sites in Bac Giang Worth Visiting?

Some lesser-known historical sites in Bac Giang worth visiting include ancient communal houses, traditional craft villages, and local temples. According to travel blogs and local recommendations, these sites offer authentic cultural experiences. Discover the hidden gems of Bac Giang to enrich your understanding of the region.

These lesser-known sites include:

• Ancient Communal Houses: Explore ancient communal houses (dinh làng) in rural villages, which served as centers for community meetings, religious ceremonies, and cultural events.
• Traditional Craft Villages: Visit traditional craft villages that specialize in pottery, weaving, or wood carving, and learn about the techniques and traditions that have been passed down through generations.
• Local Temples and Pagodas: Discover hidden temples and pagodas that are revered by local communities and offer insights into the region’s religious beliefs and practices.
• Historical Battlegrounds: Visit historical battlegrounds and memorial sites that commemorate important events in Bac Giang’s history, such as battles against foreign invaders or colonial powers.
• Eco-Tourism Sites: Explore eco-tourism sites that showcase the natural beauty of Bac Giang, such as national parks, nature reserves, and scenic landscapes.

19. Are There Any Cultural Events in Bac Giang That Showcase Pre-Colonial Traditions?

Yes, there are cultural events in Bac Giang that showcase pre-colonial traditions, including festivals, ceremonies, and performances. According to event calendars and local guides, these events provide a glimpse into the region’s rich cultural heritage. Attending these events allows for immersive experiences of Bac Giang’s traditions.

Notable cultural events include:

• Keo Pagoda Festival: The Keo Pagoda Festival is an annual event that celebrates the life and teachings of the Buddhist monk Khong Lo, featuring traditional rituals, performances, and games.
• Quan Ho Singing Festivals: Quan Ho singing festivals showcase the unique folk music tradition of Bac Giang, with alternating performances between male and female singers.
• Village Festivals: Many villages in Bac Giang hold their own festivals to celebrate local traditions, honor tutelary spirits, and promote community solidarity.
• Harvest Festivals: Harvest festivals celebrate the end of the agricultural season, with villagers giving thanks for a bountiful harvest and praying for continued prosperity.
• Cultural Performances: Throughout the year, there are various cultural performances in Bac Giang that showcase traditional music, dance, theater, and martial arts.

20. What Advice Do You Have for Respectfully Engaging with Bac Giang’s Cultural Heritage?

To respectfully engage with Bac Giang’s cultural heritage, it’s important to be mindful, informed, and appreciative. According to ethical travel guidelines, respecting local customs and traditions enhances the travel experience. Approach cultural interactions with sensitivity and respect.

Here is some advice:

• Learn About Local Customs: Take the time to learn about local customs, traditions, and etiquette before visiting Bac Giang.
• Dress Appropriately: Dress modestly and respectfully when visiting religious sites and cultural attractions.
• Seek Permission: Ask for permission before taking photographs of people, religious ceremonies, or cultural events.
• Support Local Businesses: Support local businesses, such as restaurants, shops, and guesthouses, to contribute to the local economy.
• Be Open-Minded: Be open-minded and willing to learn from the local people and their culture.
• Respect the Environment: Respect the natural environment by not littering, damaging historical sites, or disturbing wildlife.

FAQ Section: Pre-Colonial History of Bac Giang

1. What is the significance of Bac Giang in Vietnamese history?
   Bac Giang holds significant historical value due to its strategic location and rich cultural heritage, serving as a vital region throughout various Vietnamese dynasties and resistance movements.

2. Can I visit historical sites in Bac Giang related to the pre-colonial era?
   Yes, you can visit numerous historical sites in Bac Giang, including ancient temples, citadels, and communal houses that date back to the pre-colonial era.

3. How can I learn more about the pre-colonial rulers of Bac Giang?
   You can learn about the pre-colonial rulers of Bac Giang through academic publications, museums, and cultural centers that offer insights into the region’s history.

4. Are there any museums in Bac Giang that showcase artifacts from the pre-colonial period?
   Yes, there are museums in Bac Giang that showcase artifacts, exhibits, and displays related to the region’s pre-colonial past.

5. What types of cultural traditions are unique to Bac Giang?
   Unique cultural traditions in Bac Giang include Quan Ho folk songs, Keo Pagoda Festival, and various local festivals and ceremonies.

6. How did Chinese rule influence the pre-colonial history of Bac Giang?
   Chinese rule significantly influenced Bac Giang by introducing new administrative systems, cultural practices, and economic policies.

7. What role did agriculture play in the economy of pre-colonial Bac Giang?
   Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, was the dominant economic activity in pre-colonial Bac Giang, sustaining the local population and facilitating regional commerce.

8. How can SIXT.VN assist in exploring historical sites in Bac Giang?
   SIXT.VN can assist by providing reliable transportation, comfortable accommodations, and curated tour packages that include visits to historical sites and cultural attractions.

9. What should I keep in mind when visiting religious sites in Bac Giang?
   When visiting religious sites in Bac Giang, it’s important to dress modestly, seek permission before taking photographs, and respect local customs and traditions.

10. Are there any local guides available who can provide historical insights about Bac Giang?
    Yes, SIXT.VN can connect you with knowledgeable local guides who can provide insights into the history, traditions, and customs of Bac Giang.

By understanding the pre-colonial history of Bac Giang, travelers can gain a deeper appreciation for the region’s cultural heritage and historical significance. Let SIXT.VN be your guide to exploring the rich past of Vietnam.