A hospitality and tourism master’s degree can empower you to elevate your career, especially if you’re looking to enhance your skills in the vibrant Vietnamese tourism sector. SIXT.VN is here to support your journey, offering seamless travel solutions from airport transfers to curated tours. We understand the importance of professional development, and a master’s degree can equip you with the expertise to thrive in this dynamic industry. Explore how advanced education can transform your career and open doors to leadership roles in hospitality and tourism.
Contents
- 1. What is a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree?
- 1.1. Core Components of a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 1.2. Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Options in Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
- 1.3. Online vs. On-Campus Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
- 2. Who Should Consider a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree?
- 2.1. Professionals in Hospitality, Tourism, or Events
- 2.2. Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree for Career Changers
- 2.3. Recent Graduates with Hospitality-Related Bachelor’s Degrees
- 3. What Will You Learn in a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Program?
- 3.1. Core Hospitality and Tourism Management Courses
- 3.2. Hospitality and Tourism Specializations
- 3.3. Key Skills Gained in Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
- 4. Career Opportunities with a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 4.1. Common Job Titles for Graduates
- 4.2. Salary Expectations with Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 4.3. Networking Opportunities During Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s
- 5. How to Choose the Right Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Program
- 5.1. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Program
- 5.2. Researching Program Reputation and Accreditation
- 5.3. Visiting Campuses and Talking to Current Students
- 6. Admission Requirements for Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
- 6.1. Academic Prerequisites and GPA Requirements
- 6.2. Standardized Tests: GRE/GMAT Requirements
- 6.3. Letters of Recommendation and Personal Statements
- 7. Paying for Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 7.1. Scholarships and Grants for Hospitality and Tourism Students
- 7.2. Student Loans and Financial Aid Options
- 7.3. Employer Tuition Assistance Programs
- 8. The Future of Hospitality and Tourism and the Role of Advanced Education
- 8.1. Emerging Trends in Hospitality and Tourism
- 8.2. How a Master’s Degree Can Help You Adapt and Lead
- 8.3. The Long-Term Value of a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 9. Hospitality and Tourism in Vietnam: A Growing Industry
- 9.1. Opportunities in Vietnam for Hospitality Professionals
- 9.2. Cultural and Economic Impact of Tourism in Vietnam
- 9.3. How SIXT.VN Can Enhance Your Travel and Study Experience
- 10. Take the Next Step: Pursue Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 10.1. Resources for Finding the Right Program
- 10.2. Tips for a Successful Application Process
- 10.3. Contact SIXT.VN for Your Travel Needs in Vietnam
- FAQ: Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
- 1. What are the prerequisites for a hospitality and tourism master’s degree?
- 2. How long does it take to complete a master’s in hospitality and tourism?
- 3. What is the difference between a thesis and a non-thesis option?
- 4. Can I complete a hospitality and tourism master’s degree online?
- 5. What career opportunities are available with a master’s in hospitality and tourism?
- 6. What is the average salary for graduates with a hospitality and tourism master’s degree?
- 7. How important is networking in the hospitality and tourism industry?
- 8. What skills will I gain in a hospitality and tourism master’s program?
- 9. What are some emerging trends in the hospitality and tourism industry?
- 10. Is a hospitality and tourism master’s degree worth the investment?
1. What is a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree?
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree is an advanced academic program designed to provide professionals with in-depth knowledge, strategic insights, and leadership skills necessary to excel in the global hospitality and tourism industry. This graduate-level degree prepares individuals for management and executive roles within hotels, resorts, restaurants, event planning organizations, tourism boards, and related businesses. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the tourism sector accounts for 10% of global GDP and 7% of global trade, highlighting the significant economic impact and the need for skilled professionals.
1.1. Core Components of a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree typically includes coursework in areas such as strategic management, financial analysis, marketing, human resources, and data analytics. These courses aim to enhance students’ critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities, essential for leadership positions. Many programs also offer specializations in areas like hotel management, event management, sustainable tourism, and destination marketing, allowing students to tailor their education to specific career interests.
1.2. Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Options in Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
Most hospitality and tourism master’s programs offer both thesis and non-thesis options. The thesis option is designed for students interested in conducting original research and potentially pursuing a doctoral degree. This path involves completing a research-based thesis under the guidance of a faculty advisor. The non-thesis option, on the other hand, is more focused on practical application and is ideal for students seeking immediate career advancement in the industry. This option typically involves additional coursework, case studies, and industry projects.
1.3. Online vs. On-Campus Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
Hospitality and tourism master’s programs are available in both online and on-campus formats, providing flexibility for students with different schedules and learning preferences. Online programs offer the convenience of studying remotely, while on-campus programs provide opportunities for face-to-face interaction with faculty and peers. Some programs even offer a hybrid format, combining online and on-campus learning. According to a study by the National Center for Education Statistics, online enrollment in higher education has been steadily increasing, indicating a growing demand for flexible learning options.
2. Who Should Consider a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree?
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree is an excellent choice for professionals seeking to advance their careers in the dynamic and competitive hospitality and tourism industry. This advanced degree is particularly beneficial for individuals looking to enhance their management skills, broaden their industry knowledge, and incorporate their professional experiences into a structured academic framework. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in the hospitality and tourism sector is projected to grow, underscoring the value of advanced education in this field.
2.1. Professionals in Hospitality, Tourism, or Events
Individuals currently working in hospitality, tourism, or event-related positions can significantly benefit from a master’s degree. The program provides opportunities to deepen their understanding of industry trends, develop advanced management skills, and network with industry leaders. A master’s degree can open doors to higher-level positions, such as general manager, director of operations, or marketing manager.
2.2. Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree for Career Changers
Professionals from other industries looking to transition into hospitality and tourism can leverage a master’s degree to gain the necessary knowledge and skills. The program offers a comprehensive overview of the industry, covering key areas such as hotel management, event planning, and tourism marketing. Career changers can also benefit from internships and industry projects, which provide valuable hands-on experience and networking opportunities.
2.3. Recent Graduates with Hospitality-Related Bachelor’s Degrees
Recent graduates with bachelor’s degrees in hospitality management, business administration, or related fields can use a master’s degree to accelerate their career growth. The program builds upon their undergraduate foundation, providing advanced knowledge and skills that are highly valued by employers. A master’s degree can also help graduates stand out in a competitive job market and secure higher-paying positions.
3. What Will You Learn in a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Program?
A hospitality and tourism master’s program offers a comprehensive curriculum designed to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and strategic insights necessary to excel in leadership roles within the industry. The curriculum typically covers a wide range of topics, including management principles, financial analysis, marketing strategies, and data analytics.
3.1. Core Hospitality and Tourism Management Courses
Core courses in a hospitality and tourism master’s program provide a foundation in key management concepts and industry-specific practices. These courses often include:
- Managing Hospitality and Guest Services Organizations: This course explores the principles of managing hospitality and guest service organizations, covering topics such as service quality, customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency.
- Financial Analysis of Hospitality Enterprises: This course focuses on the financial aspects of hospitality businesses, including financial statement analysis, budgeting, and investment decisions.
- Strategic Marketing in Hospitality and Tourism: This course examines marketing strategies for hospitality and tourism businesses, covering topics such as market segmentation, branding, and digital marketing.
- Data Analysis in Hospitality and Tourism Research: This course introduces students to data analysis techniques used in hospitality and tourism research, including statistical analysis and data visualization.
- Hospitality/Tourism Strategic Issues: This course explores current strategic issues facing the hospitality and tourism industry, such as sustainability, technology, and globalization.
3.2. Hospitality and Tourism Specializations
Many hospitality and tourism master’s programs offer specializations that allow students to focus on specific areas of interest. Some common specializations include:
- Hotel Management: This specialization focuses on the management of hotels and lodging facilities, covering topics such as revenue management, guest services, and hotel operations.
- Event Management: This specialization explores the planning and execution of events, including conferences, festivals, and corporate events.
- Sustainable Tourism: This specialization examines the principles of sustainable tourism, covering topics such as environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and community development.
- Destination Marketing: This specialization focuses on the marketing of destinations, including tourism promotion, branding, and destination development.
3.3. Key Skills Gained in Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
Graduates of hospitality and tourism master’s programs develop a wide range of skills that are highly valued by employers. These skills include:
- Strategic Thinking: The ability to analyze complex issues and develop effective strategies.
- Leadership: The capacity to motivate and guide teams towards achieving common goals.
- Financial Analysis: The skill to interpret financial data and make informed business decisions.
- Marketing: The expertise to develop and implement successful marketing campaigns.
- Data Analysis: The proficiency to analyze data and extract meaningful insights.
- Problem-Solving: The ability to identify and resolve complex problems.
- Communication: The skill to communicate effectively with diverse audiences.
- Customer Service: The ability to provide excellent customer service and build customer loyalty.
4. Career Opportunities with a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree can open doors to a wide range of exciting and rewarding career opportunities in various sectors of the industry. Graduates are well-prepared for leadership and management positions in hotels, resorts, restaurants, event planning organizations, tourism boards, and related businesses. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), the travel and tourism sector is a major employer worldwide, offering diverse career paths for skilled professionals.
4.1. Common Job Titles for Graduates
Some common job titles for graduates with a hospitality and tourism master’s degree include:
- General Manager: Responsible for overseeing all aspects of a hotel, resort, or restaurant.
- Director of Operations: Manages the day-to-day operations of a hospitality business.
- Marketing Manager: Develops and implements marketing strategies to promote a hospitality business or destination.
- Event Planner: Organizes and manages events, such as conferences, weddings, and corporate events.
- Tourism Development Manager: Works to develop and promote tourism in a specific region or destination.
- Revenue Manager: Optimizes pricing and inventory to maximize revenue for a hotel or resort.
- Consultant: Provides expert advice to hospitality businesses on a variety of topics, such as operations, marketing, and finance.
- Professor/Instructor: Teaches hospitality and tourism courses at colleges and universities.
4.2. Salary Expectations with Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
Salary expectations for graduates with a hospitality and tourism master’s degree vary depending on factors such as experience, location, and job title. However, a master’s degree typically leads to higher earning potential compared to a bachelor’s degree. According to Salary.com, the median salary for hospitality managers in the United States is around $75,000 per year, with top earners making over $100,000.
4.3. Networking Opportunities During Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s
Networking is an essential aspect of a hospitality and tourism master’s program. Many programs offer opportunities for students to connect with industry professionals through guest lectures, industry events, and internships. Building a strong network can lead to valuable career opportunities and collaborations. Attending industry conferences, joining professional organizations, and participating in alumni events are also great ways to expand your network.
5. How to Choose the Right Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Program
Choosing the right hospitality and tourism master’s program is a crucial decision that can significantly impact your career trajectory. With numerous programs available, it’s essential to carefully evaluate your options and select a program that aligns with your career goals, learning preferences, and personal circumstances. Consider factors such as program reputation, curriculum, faculty expertise, location, and cost.
5.1. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Program
When evaluating hospitality and tourism master’s programs, consider the following factors:
- Accreditation: Ensure that the program is accredited by a reputable accrediting agency. Accreditation indicates that the program meets certain quality standards and is recognized by employers.
- Curriculum: Review the curriculum to ensure that it covers the topics and skills that are relevant to your career goals. Look for programs that offer specializations in your areas of interest.
- Faculty: Research the faculty to determine their expertise and experience in the hospitality and tourism industry. Look for faculty members who have industry connections and a strong research background.
- Location: Consider the location of the program and whether it aligns with your career aspirations. Some programs are located in major tourism destinations, providing opportunities for internships and networking.
- Cost: Evaluate the cost of the program, including tuition, fees, and living expenses. Explore financial aid options, such as scholarships, grants, and loans.
- Program Format: Decide whether you prefer an online, on-campus, or hybrid program format. Consider your learning style, schedule, and personal circumstances.
- Career Services: Check whether the program offers career services, such as career counseling, resume workshops, and job placement assistance.
5.2. Researching Program Reputation and Accreditation
Program reputation and accreditation are important indicators of quality. Look for programs that are ranked highly by reputable publications and accredited by recognized accrediting agencies. Accreditation ensures that the program meets certain quality standards and is recognized by employers. Some reputable accrediting agencies for hospitality and tourism programs include the Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration (ACPHA) and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).
5.3. Visiting Campuses and Talking to Current Students
If possible, visit campuses and talk to current students to get a better sense of the program and its culture. Campus visits provide an opportunity to meet faculty, tour facilities, and learn about student life. Talking to current students can provide valuable insights into the program’s strengths and weaknesses. Ask about their experiences in the program, their career goals, and their overall satisfaction.
6. Admission Requirements for Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Programs
Admission requirements for hospitality and tourism master’s programs vary depending on the program and institution. However, most programs require applicants to have a bachelor’s degree, a competitive GPA, and strong standardized test scores. Some programs also require applicants to have relevant work experience and submit letters of recommendation and a personal statement.
6.1. Academic Prerequisites and GPA Requirements
Most hospitality and tourism master’s programs require applicants to have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution. Some programs prefer applicants with a bachelor’s degree in hospitality management, business administration, or a related field, while others accept applicants from diverse academic backgrounds. GPA requirements vary depending on the program, but most programs require a minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.
6.2. Standardized Tests: GRE/GMAT Requirements
Many hospitality and tourism master’s programs require applicants to submit scores from the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). However, some programs have waived the GRE/GMAT requirement in recent years, so it’s essential to check the specific requirements of each program. Competitive scores on the GRE or GMAT can strengthen your application and increase your chances of admission.
6.3. Letters of Recommendation and Personal Statements
Letters of recommendation and personal statements are important components of the application process. Letters of recommendation provide insights into your skills, abilities, and potential from individuals who know you well, such as professors or employers. Personal statements allow you to showcase your passion for hospitality and tourism, your career goals, and your reasons for pursuing a master’s degree. Crafting compelling letters of recommendation and personal statements can significantly enhance your application.
Alt: Welcoming hotel reception area, showcasing the hospitality industry
7. Paying for Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
Financing a hospitality and tourism master’s degree can be a significant investment, but there are various funding options available to help you manage the costs. Explore scholarships, grants, loans, and employer tuition assistance programs to make your education more affordable. Creating a budget and managing your finances wisely can also help you minimize debt and maximize the return on your investment.
7.1. Scholarships and Grants for Hospitality and Tourism Students
Numerous scholarships and grants are available specifically for hospitality and tourism students. These financial aid opportunities can help reduce the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses. Some popular scholarships and grants for hospitality and tourism students include:
- American Hotel & Lodging Educational Foundation (AHLEF) Scholarships: AHLEF offers various scholarships to students pursuing degrees in hospitality management.
- National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation (NRAEF) Scholarships: NRAEF provides scholarships to students studying culinary arts, restaurant management, and hospitality.
- The International Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (ICHRIE) Scholarships: ICHRIE offers scholarships to students pursuing degrees in hospitality and tourism.
- The Travel Foundation Scholarships: The Travel Foundation provides scholarships to students studying sustainable tourism and responsible travel.
7.2. Student Loans and Financial Aid Options
Student loans are a common way to finance a hospitality and tourism master’s degree. Federal student loans typically offer lower interest rates and more flexible repayment options compared to private loans. Explore federal student loan programs, such as the Direct Loan Program and the Graduate PLUS Loan Program. Private student loans are also available from banks and other financial institutions. Complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to determine your eligibility for federal financial aid.
7.3. Employer Tuition Assistance Programs
Some employers offer tuition assistance programs to help employees pay for continuing education. Check with your employer to see if they offer tuition reimbursement or other forms of financial assistance for graduate studies. Employer tuition assistance can significantly reduce the cost of your hospitality and tourism master’s degree.
8. The Future of Hospitality and Tourism and the Role of Advanced Education
The hospitality and tourism industry is constantly evolving, driven by changing consumer preferences, technological advancements, and global trends. Advanced education plays a crucial role in preparing professionals to adapt to these changes and lead the industry into the future. A hospitality and tourism master’s degree provides the knowledge, skills, and strategic insights necessary to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the modern hospitality landscape.
8.1. Emerging Trends in Hospitality and Tourism
Some emerging trends in hospitality and tourism include:
- Sustainability: Growing demand for sustainable tourism practices and eco-friendly accommodations.
- Technology: Increasing use of technology to enhance the guest experience and improve operational efficiency.
- Personalization: Focus on providing personalized experiences tailored to individual guest preferences.
- Experiences: Shift from traditional tourism to experiential travel, emphasizing unique and immersive experiences.
- Health and Wellness: Growing interest in health and wellness tourism, including spa retreats, fitness programs, and healthy dining options.
8.2. How a Master’s Degree Can Help You Adapt and Lead
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree can equip you with the skills and knowledge to adapt to these emerging trends and lead the industry into the future. The program provides opportunities to:
- Develop Strategic Thinking Skills: Analyze complex issues and develop effective strategies to address industry challenges.
- Enhance Leadership Abilities: Motivate and guide teams towards achieving common goals.
- Master Data Analysis Techniques: Analyze data and extract meaningful insights to inform business decisions.
- Stay Updated on Industry Trends: Learn about the latest trends and best practices in hospitality and tourism.
- Network with Industry Leaders: Connect with industry professionals and build valuable relationships.
8.3. The Long-Term Value of a Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree is a valuable investment that can pay off in the long run. The degree can lead to higher earning potential, career advancement opportunities, and increased job security. Graduates with a master’s degree are well-positioned to take on leadership roles and make a significant impact in the hospitality and tourism industry.
9. Hospitality and Tourism in Vietnam: A Growing Industry
Vietnam’s hospitality and tourism industry is experiencing rapid growth, making it an exciting and promising destination for professionals in the field. The country’s rich culture, stunning landscapes, and vibrant cities attract millions of tourists each year, creating numerous opportunities for skilled hospitality professionals. According to the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT), international tourist arrivals have been steadily increasing, contributing significantly to the country’s economy.
9.1. Opportunities in Vietnam for Hospitality Professionals
Vietnam offers diverse opportunities for hospitality professionals in various sectors, including:
- Hotels and Resorts: Numerous international and local hotel chains are expanding their presence in Vietnam, creating job opportunities for hotel managers, front office staff, and culinary professionals.
- Restaurants and Food Service: Vietnam’s vibrant food scene offers opportunities for chefs, restaurant managers, and food service professionals.
- Tour Operators and Travel Agencies: Growing demand for tours and travel services creates opportunities for tour guides, travel agents, and tourism development managers.
- Event Planning: Vietnam is becoming an increasingly popular destination for conferences, weddings, and corporate events, creating opportunities for event planners and event managers.
9.2. Cultural and Economic Impact of Tourism in Vietnam
Tourism has a significant cultural and economic impact on Vietnam. It contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage, promotes economic growth, and creates employment opportunities for local communities. Sustainable tourism practices are essential to ensure that tourism benefits Vietnam in the long run.
9.3. How SIXT.VN Can Enhance Your Travel and Study Experience
SIXT.VN is committed to providing seamless and reliable travel solutions for students and professionals in Vietnam. Our services include:
- Airport Transfers: Convenient and affordable airport transfers to get you to your destination safely and comfortably.
- Hotel Booking: Wide selection of hotels to suit your budget and preferences.
- Car Rental: Flexible car rental options to explore Vietnam at your own pace.
- Tours and Activities: Curated tours and activities to experience the best of Vietnam.
SIXT.VN understands the unique needs of students and professionals in the hospitality and tourism industry and is dedicated to providing exceptional service and support.
Alt: A bustling Hanoi street food vendor, highlighting Vietnamese culinary culture
10. Take the Next Step: Pursue Your Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
A hospitality and tourism master’s degree can be a transformative investment in your career and future. It provides the knowledge, skills, and network necessary to excel in leadership roles within the dynamic and growing hospitality and tourism industry. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or a recent graduate, a master’s degree can help you achieve your career goals and make a significant impact in the world of hospitality and tourism.
10.1. Resources for Finding the Right Program
- Hospitality Schools: Comprehensive directory of hospitality and tourism programs worldwide.
- U.S. News & World Report: Rankings of top hospitality and tourism programs in the United States.
- QS World University Rankings: Rankings of top universities for hospitality and leisure management.
- The Princeton Review: Information and reviews of graduate programs in hospitality and tourism.
10.2. Tips for a Successful Application Process
- Start Early: Begin the application process well in advance of the deadline to allow plenty of time for research, preparation, and submission.
- Research Programs Thoroughly: Carefully evaluate your options and select programs that align with your career goals, learning preferences, and personal circumstances.
- Prepare a Strong Application: Craft compelling letters of recommendation and personal statements that showcase your passion for hospitality and tourism and your potential for success.
- Network with Industry Professionals: Connect with industry professionals and build relationships that can provide valuable insights and opportunities.
- Proofread Carefully: Ensure that your application is free of errors and typos.
10.3. Contact SIXT.VN for Your Travel Needs in Vietnam
Ready to embark on your hospitality and tourism journey in Vietnam? SIXT.VN is here to support you with seamless and reliable travel solutions. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can enhance your travel and study experience.
Address: 260 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hotline/Whatsapp: +84 986 244 358
Website: SIXT.VN
FAQ: Hospitality and Tourism Master’s Degree
1. What are the prerequisites for a hospitality and tourism master’s degree?
Most programs require a bachelor’s degree. Some may prefer degrees in hospitality, business, or related fields, and might need prerequisite courses in accounting or statistics.
2. How long does it take to complete a master’s in hospitality and tourism?
Full-time programs typically take 1-2 years to complete, while part-time programs may take longer.
3. What is the difference between a thesis and a non-thesis option?
The thesis option involves conducting original research and writing a thesis, while the non-thesis option usually requires additional coursework or a capstone project.
4. Can I complete a hospitality and tourism master’s degree online?
Yes, many universities offer online hospitality and tourism master’s programs, providing flexibility for working professionals.
5. What career opportunities are available with a master’s in hospitality and tourism?
Career options include hotel management, event planning, tourism development, marketing, and consulting.
6. What is the average salary for graduates with a hospitality and tourism master’s degree?
Salaries vary depending on experience, location, and job title, but a master’s degree typically leads to higher earning potential.
7. How important is networking in the hospitality and tourism industry?
Networking is crucial for career advancement. Many programs offer opportunities to connect with industry professionals.
8. What skills will I gain in a hospitality and tourism master’s program?
You will gain skills in strategic thinking, leadership, financial analysis, marketing, and data analysis.
9. What are some emerging trends in the hospitality and tourism industry?
Emerging trends include sustainability, technology, personalization, and experiential travel.
10. Is a hospitality and tourism master’s degree worth the investment?
Yes, a master’s degree can lead to higher earning potential, career advancement, and increased job security in a growing industry.