What Is The “Then” Singing Of The Tay People?

“Then” singing of the Tay people is a captivating spiritual practice deeply embedded in Vietnamese culture, and SIXT.VN is here to guide you through it. This unique ritual, recognized by UNESCO, offers a window into the soul of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities, providing unforgettable cultural tours and travel experiences. Ready to explore the enchanting world of Vietnamese heritage and plan your trip with SIXT.VN?

1. What Is “Then” Singing and Its Significance?

“Then” singing is an essential ritual practice in the spiritual life of the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups in Vietnam, reflecting their concepts about human beings, the natural world, and the universe. This practice was inscribed in 2019 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. According to UNESCO, “Then ceremonies describe a journey in which the Then Master (male or female) controls ghost soldiers traveling from the earth realm to the heaven realm, to offer items of worship and present their prayers for peace, for treating illnesses, good crops, a happy new year, etc.” This spiritual performance is more than just singing; it’s a comprehensive ritual involving music, dance, and shamanistic elements.

The term “Then” itself signifies “heaven,” indicating the practice’s divine connections and spiritual importance. The rituals are performed by a Then Master, who acts as an intermediary between the earthly and heavenly realms. These masters are highly respected within their communities, serving as spiritual guides and healers. They conduct ceremonies to seek blessings, cure ailments, ensure good harvests, and bring peace and prosperity to their communities.

The significance of “Then” singing extends beyond its spiritual functions. It preserves the cultural identity and traditions of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people. The songs, stories, and rituals are passed down through generations, ensuring the continuity of their unique heritage. This practice fosters community cohesion, as people come together to participate in and witness the ceremonies, reinforcing social bonds and cultural values.

Moreover, “Then” singing offers a profound insight into the worldview of these ethnic groups. It reflects their understanding of the cosmos, their relationship with nature, and their beliefs about the afterlife. By understanding “Then” singing, one can gain a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural tapestry of Vietnam and the diverse spiritual practices that thrive within it.

2. Who Practices “Then” Singing?

“Then” singing is primarily practiced by the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups in Vietnam. These groups mainly reside in the northern mountainous regions of the country, where they have maintained their distinct cultural traditions for centuries. According to the Vietnamese Institute for Musicology, these communities have preserved and passed down the art of “Then” singing through generations, ensuring its continuity and relevance in their spiritual lives.

The central figure in “Then” singing is the Then Master, who can be either male or female. These masters are specially trained individuals who possess the knowledge and skills necessary to perform the rituals correctly. They undergo rigorous training, often starting at a young age, to learn the songs, chants, dances, and ceremonial procedures associated with “Then.”

The community plays a vital role in the practice of “Then” singing. Ceremonies are often held in the homes of believers, outdoors, or at the Then altar of the Master’s house, involving family members, neighbors, and other community members. These gatherings serve as a communal expression of faith and cultural identity, reinforcing social bonds and shared values.

While “Then” singing is deeply rooted in the traditions of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people, it is also attracting interest from researchers, cultural enthusiasts, and tourists who are keen to learn more about Vietnam’s diverse cultural heritage. As awareness of “Then” singing grows, more people are becoming involved in efforts to preserve and promote this unique cultural practice, ensuring its survival for future generations.

3. Where Can You Witness “Then” Singing?

Witnessing “Then” singing is a unique cultural experience that offers a glimpse into the spiritual life of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities. The best places to witness “Then” singing are in the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, where the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups reside. Provinces such as Lang Son, Cao Bang, Ha Giang, and Lao Cai are known for their vibrant “Then” traditions.

“Then” ceremonies are often held in various settings, including:

• Homes of Believers: Many “Then” ceremonies take place in the homes of individuals seeking blessings, healing, or good fortune. These intimate settings provide an authentic and immersive experience.
• Outdoor Spaces: Some ceremonies are conducted outdoors, especially those related to agricultural rituals or community-wide celebrations. These events offer a chance to witness “Then” singing in a natural and communal setting.
• Then Altars: Then Masters often have altars in their homes where they conduct ceremonies. Visiting a Then Master’s house can provide an opportunity to witness the rituals up close and learn about the practice from the master themselves.

To find opportunities to witness “Then” singing, consider the following:

• Cultural Tours: Several tour operators specialize in cultural tours to the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, offering opportunities to witness “Then” ceremonies and interact with local communities. SIXT.VN is an excellent resource for finding and booking such tours.
• Festivals and Celebrations: Keep an eye out for local festivals and celebrations in the northern provinces, where “Then” singing is often performed as part of the festivities.
• Community Engagement: Reach out to local communities and cultural organizations in the region to inquire about upcoming “Then” ceremonies or performances. This can provide a more authentic and personal experience.

By exploring these avenues, you can increase your chances of witnessing “Then” singing and gaining a deeper understanding of its cultural and spiritual significance.

4. When Is “Then” Singing Performed?

“Then” singing is performed on various occasions, reflecting its integral role in the spiritual and cultural life of the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups. The timing of “Then” ceremonies depends on the specific needs and purposes of the community or individual seeking the ritual. According to research by the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences, “Then” singing is most commonly performed during:

• Healing Rituals: When someone is ill, a “Then” ceremony may be conducted to seek healing and blessings from the deities.
• Agricultural Ceremonies: “Then” singing is often part of agricultural rituals to ensure good harvests, favorable weather, and the prosperity of the farming community.
• New Year Celebrations: “Then” ceremonies are performed during the Lunar New Year (Tet) to pray for a happy and prosperous year ahead.
• Spiritual Cleansing: “Then” singing can be used to cleanse homes or individuals of negative energies and spirits.
• Life Cycle Events: “Then” ceremonies may mark significant life cycle events such as weddings, births, and funerals.

“Then” singing is not restricted to specific times of the year but rather performed whenever the need arises. This flexibility allows the practice to remain relevant and responsive to the changing needs of the community.

5. Why Is “Then” Singing Important to the Tay People?

“Then” singing holds immense importance to the Tay people, as well as the Nung and Thai ethnic groups, for several profound reasons. This ritual practice is deeply woven into their cultural and spiritual identity, serving as a cornerstone of their community life.

• Spiritual Connection: “Then” singing provides a direct link to the spiritual realm, allowing the Tay people to communicate with deities, ancestors, and spirits. This connection is essential for seeking blessings, guidance, and protection.
• Cultural Preservation: “Then” singing is a vital means of preserving the cultural heritage of the Tay people. The songs, stories, and rituals are passed down through generations, ensuring the continuity of their unique traditions and values.
• Community Cohesion: “Then” ceremonies bring people together, fostering a sense of community and shared identity. The collective participation in these rituals reinforces social bonds and strengthens the community’s collective spirit.
• Healing and Well-being: “Then” singing is believed to have healing powers, both physical and spiritual. The ceremonies are performed to cure illnesses, alleviate suffering, and promote overall well-being.
• Cosmological Understanding: “Then” singing reflects the Tay people’s understanding of the universe, their place in it, and their relationship with the natural world. It provides a framework for interpreting the world around them and navigating their lives.

In essence, “Then” singing is not merely a performance but a living tradition that sustains the cultural, spiritual, and social fabric of the Tay people. Its importance cannot be overstated, as it embodies their identity, values, and aspirations.

6. How Does “Then” Singing Reflect Vietnamese Culture?

“Then” singing is a vibrant reflection of Vietnamese culture, particularly the rich diversity of its ethnic minority groups. This practice encapsulates several key aspects of Vietnamese heritage:

• Cultural Diversity: Vietnam is a multicultural nation with 54 recognized ethnic groups, each with its own distinct traditions and customs. “Then” singing exemplifies this diversity, as it is primarily practiced by the Tay, Nung, and Thai communities, each with unique variations of the ritual.
• Spiritual Beliefs: “Then” singing reflects the syncretic nature of Vietnamese spiritual beliefs, which often blend elements of animism, ancestor worship, Buddhism, and Taoism. The practice involves communication with deities, spirits, and ancestors, highlighting the importance of the spiritual realm in Vietnamese culture.
• Oral Tradition: “Then” singing is primarily transmitted orally, reflecting the importance of oral tradition in Vietnamese culture. The songs, stories, and rituals are passed down through generations, preserving cultural knowledge and values.
• Community Focus: “Then” ceremonies are communal events that bring people together, reflecting the strong emphasis on community in Vietnamese culture. These gatherings reinforce social bonds and promote collective well-being.
• Artistic Expression: “Then” singing is a form of artistic expression that combines music, dance, and storytelling. It showcases the creativity and artistic talents of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people, contributing to the rich tapestry of Vietnamese arts.

By understanding “Then” singing, one can gain a deeper appreciation for the multifaceted nature of Vietnamese culture and the diverse traditions that thrive within it.

7. What Are the Key Elements of a “Then” Singing Ceremony?

A “Then” singing ceremony is a complex and multifaceted ritual that involves several key elements, each contributing to the overall spiritual and cultural significance of the practice. According to ethnomusicologists at the Vietnam National Academy of Music, these elements include:

• Then Master: The central figure in the ceremony is the Then Master, who acts as an intermediary between the earthly and heavenly realms. The master leads the ritual, performing songs, chants, and dances.
• Tính Lute: The tính lute is a traditional musical instrument that accompanies “Then” singing. Its distinctive sound is believed to have the power to connect with the spiritual world.
• Ceremonial Dress: The Then Master wears special ceremonial attire, often adorned with intricate patterns and symbols, which signifies their role and status within the community.
• Ritual Objects: Various ritual objects are used during the ceremony, such as a demon-expelling sword, a yin and yang rod, a bell, and rattle-bells. These objects are believed to possess spiritual power and aid in the communication with deities and spirits.
• Songs and Chants: The core of the ceremony consists of songs and chants performed by the Then Master. These songs tell stories, offer prayers, and invoke the presence of deities and spirits.
• Dance: Dance is an integral part of the ceremony, with the Then Master and sometimes a female dancing group performing specific movements and gestures that are believed to have spiritual significance.
• Offerings: Offerings of food, drink, and other items are presented to the deities and spirits as a sign of respect and gratitude.
• Community Participation: The ceremony involves the active participation of the community, with family members, neighbors, and other attendees joining in the songs, prayers, and rituals.

These elements combine to create a powerful and immersive experience that connects the earthly and spiritual realms, reinforcing the cultural and spiritual values of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people.

8. How Is “Then” Singing Transmitted and Preserved?

The transmission and preservation of “Then” singing are crucial for ensuring the continuity of this unique cultural practice. “Then” singing is primarily transmitted orally, reflecting the importance of oral tradition in the Tay, Nung, and Thai communities. The knowledge, skills, and rituals associated with “Then” are passed down through generations via direct instruction and observation.

Then Masters play a pivotal role in this process, serving as the primary instructors and mentors for aspiring practitioners. They train young individuals, often starting at a young age, in the songs, chants, dances, and ceremonial procedures associated with “Then.” According to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam, some Then Masters conduct around 200 ceremonies a year, providing ample opportunities for apprentices to learn and practice.

In addition to oral transmission, efforts are being made to document and preserve “Then” singing through various means, including:

• Recordings: Audio and video recordings of “Then” ceremonies are being made to capture the songs, music, and rituals for future generations.
• Research: Researchers and scholars are studying “Then” singing to understand its cultural and historical significance, and to document its various forms and variations.
• Cultural Programs: Cultural programs and festivals are organized to showcase “Then” singing and raise awareness about its importance.
• Education: Efforts are being made to incorporate “Then” singing into school curricula to educate young people about their cultural heritage.
• Support for Then Masters: Providing support and recognition to Then Masters is essential for encouraging them to continue their practice and transmit their knowledge to future generations.

By combining traditional methods of oral transmission with modern techniques of documentation and preservation, it is possible to ensure that “Then” singing continues to thrive and enrich the cultural landscape of Vietnam for years to come.

9. What Challenges Does “Then” Singing Face?

Despite its cultural and spiritual significance, “Then” singing faces several challenges that threaten its survival. These challenges include:

• Modernization: As Vietnam undergoes rapid modernization, traditional cultural practices like “Then” singing are often overshadowed by contemporary forms of entertainment and expression.
• Loss of Practitioners: The number of Then Masters is declining, as fewer young people are willing to dedicate themselves to the rigorous training required to become proficient in the practice.
• Cultural Assimilation: As ethnic minority groups become more integrated into mainstream Vietnamese society, there is a risk of cultural assimilation, leading to the erosion of traditional practices like “Then” singing.
• Economic Pressures: Economic pressures can force individuals to prioritize earning a living over preserving cultural traditions, leading to a decline in participation in “Then” ceremonies.
• Lack of Awareness: Many people, both within and outside the Tay, Nung, and Thai communities, are unaware of the significance of “Then” singing, leading to a lack of appreciation and support for its preservation.

Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort from the government, cultural organizations, communities, and individuals. By raising awareness, providing support to practitioners, and promoting cultural preservation, it is possible to ensure that “Then” singing continues to thrive for generations to come.

10. How Can You Experience “Then” Singing with SIXT.VN?

SIXT.VN offers a unique opportunity to experience the enchanting world of “Then” singing and immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities. With SIXT.VN, you can:

• Book Cultural Tours: SIXT.VN offers a variety of cultural tours to the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, where you can witness “Then” ceremonies and interact with local communities.
• Customize Your Trip: SIXT.VN allows you to customize your trip to include specific experiences related to “Then” singing, such as visiting a Then Master’s house or attending a local festival.
• Enjoy Hassle-Free Travel: SIXT.VN provides convenient and reliable services such as airport transfers, hotel bookings, and transportation, ensuring a smooth and enjoyable travel experience.
• Get Expert Advice: SIXT.VN’s team of travel experts can provide you with valuable insights and recommendations on how to best experience “Then” singing and other cultural attractions in Vietnam.
• Support Cultural Preservation: By booking your trip with SIXT.VN, you are contributing to the preservation of “Then” singing and other cultural traditions in Vietnam, as a portion of the proceeds goes towards supporting local communities and cultural organizations.

Don’t miss the opportunity to discover the magic of “Then” singing with SIXT.VN. Book your cultural tour today and embark on an unforgettable journey into the heart of Vietnamese heritage.

Then singing performance

11. What are the Instruments Used in “Then” Singing?

“Then” singing ceremonies are accompanied by a variety of traditional musical instruments that enhance the spiritual and artistic experience. These instruments play a crucial role in creating the unique soundscape of “Then” music, believed to connect the earthly and heavenly realms. According to the Vietnamese Institute for Musicology, the most prominent instruments used in “Then” singing include:

• Tính Lute: The tính lute is the most iconic instrument associated with “Then” singing. It is a long-necked, three-stringed lute made from a dried gourd and a wooden soundboard. The tính lute produces a distinctive, mellow sound that is considered essential for invoking the spirits and deities.
• Đàn Tính: Similar to the Tinh Lute, the Đàn Tính is another variation that might be used depending on the specific traditions of the Tay, Nung, or Thai community.
• Drums: Drums of various sizes and types are used to provide rhythm and percussion in “Then” music. The drums help to create a dynamic and energetic atmosphere during the ceremonies.
• Cymbals: Cymbals are used to add accents and embellishments to the music. Their bright, shimmering sound is believed to ward off evil spirits and attract positive energies.
• Bells and Rattles: Bells and rattles are used by the Then Master to create rhythmic sounds and to signal different stages of the ceremony. These instruments are often adorned with symbolic decorations.

These instruments, combined with the skillful playing of the musicians, create a rich and evocative soundscape that is integral to the “Then” singing experience.

12. What is the Role of the Then Master in the Ceremony?

The Then Master is the central figure in a “Then” singing ceremony, holding a position of great respect and responsibility within the community. According to anthropological studies conducted by the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology, the Then Master serves as:

• Intermediary: The Then Master acts as an intermediary between the earthly and heavenly realms, communicating with deities, spirits, and ancestors on behalf of the community.
• Ritual Leader: The Then Master leads the ceremony, performing songs, chants, dances, and rituals in accordance with tradition.
• Healer: The Then Master is often called upon to perform healing rituals, using “Then” singing and other techniques to cure illnesses and alleviate suffering.
• Spiritual Guide: The Then Master provides spiritual guidance and counsel to community members, helping them to navigate life’s challenges and make important decisions.
• Cultural Preserver: The Then Master plays a vital role in preserving and transmitting the cultural heritage of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people, ensuring that the traditions of “Then” singing continue to thrive for generations to come.

The Then Master is not merely a performer but a spiritual leader, healer, and cultural guardian, whose role is essential for the well-being of the community.

The practice of Then singing

13. What are the Typical Themes in “Then” Songs?

“Then” songs are rich in symbolism and meaning, reflecting the beliefs, values, and experiences of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people. According to literary scholars at Hanoi National University, typical themes in “Then” songs include:

• Creation Myths: Many “Then” songs tell stories about the creation of the world, the origins of humanity, and the deeds of legendary heroes and deities.
• Ancestral Worship: “Then” songs often invoke the spirits of ancestors, paying homage to their contributions and seeking their blessings.
• Nature and the Environment: “Then” songs celebrate the beauty and bounty of nature, expressing gratitude for the gifts of the natural world and promoting respect for the environment.
• Love and Relationships: “Then” songs explore the themes of love, courtship, marriage, and family, reflecting the importance of these relationships in the community.
• Moral Values: “Then” songs often convey moral lessons and ethical principles, encouraging listeners to live virtuous lives and uphold the values of the community.
• Historical Events: Some “Then” songs recount historical events and celebrate the achievements of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people, preserving their collective memory and identity.

These themes, woven together with evocative language and imagery, make “Then” songs a powerful and meaningful form of cultural expression.

14. How Does “Then” Singing Contribute to Sustainable Development?

“Then” singing contributes to sustainable development in several ways, particularly in the context of the Tay, Nung, and Thai communities in Vietnam. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Then” singing supports:

• Cultural Preservation: By preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people, “Then” singing helps to maintain their unique identity and traditions, which are essential for sustainable development.
• Community Empowerment: “Then” singing empowers local communities by providing a platform for cultural expression, promoting social cohesion, and fostering a sense of pride and belonging.
• Economic Development: Cultural tourism centered around “Then” singing can generate income for local communities, creating opportunities for economic development and reducing poverty.
• Environmental Sustainability: “Then” songs often promote respect for nature and the environment, encouraging sustainable practices and responsible resource management.
• Social Inclusion: “Then” singing promotes social inclusion by providing a platform for all members of the community to participate in cultural life, regardless of age, gender, or social status.

By recognizing and supporting the role of “Then” singing in sustainable development, it is possible to create a more equitable, resilient, and culturally vibrant future for the Tay, Nung, and Thai communities in Vietnam.

15. How Can Tourists Respectfully Experience “Then” Singing?

Tourists who wish to experience “Then” singing should do so with respect and sensitivity, recognizing its cultural and spiritual significance to the Tay, Nung, and Thai people. The Responsible Travel Portal suggests the following guidelines:

• Learn About the Culture: Before attending a “Then” ceremony, take the time to learn about the culture and traditions of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people. This will help you to understand the meaning and significance of the ritual.
• Dress Appropriately: Dress modestly and respectfully when attending a “Then” ceremony. Avoid wearing revealing or overly casual clothing.
• Ask Permission: Always ask permission before taking photographs or videos of the ceremony. Be mindful of the privacy and comfort of the participants.
• Participate Respectfully: If invited to participate in the ceremony, do so with sincerity and respect. Follow the instructions of the Then Master and other participants.
• Support Local Communities: Choose tour operators and guides who are committed to supporting local communities and preserving cultural traditions.
• Be Mindful of Your Impact: Be aware of your impact on the environment and local communities. Avoid littering, wasting resources, and engaging in activities that could harm the cultural heritage of the region.
• Show Appreciation: Express your gratitude to the Then Master and other participants for sharing their culture with you.

By following these guidelines, tourists can ensure that their experience of “Then” singing is both enriching and respectful, contributing to the preservation of this unique cultural tradition.

Thai woman performing Then singing

FAQ about “Then” Singing of the Tay People

1. What exactly does “Then” mean in the context of this singing tradition?

“Then” translates to “heaven,” highlighting the divine connections and spiritual essence of the ritual in Tay culture.

2. Who is authorized to perform “Then” singing rituals?

“Then” singing rituals are conducted by specially trained individuals known as Then Masters, who act as intermediaries between the earthly and heavenly realms.

3. Are there specific times when “Then” singing is performed?

“Then” singing is performed on various occasions, including healing rituals, agricultural ceremonies, New Year celebrations, and other significant events, depending on community needs.

4. What instruments are typically used during a “Then” singing performance?

The traditional instruments used include the tính lute, drums, cymbals, and bells, each adding unique layers to the spiritual ambiance of the ceremony.

5. How is “Then” singing transmitted from one generation to the next?

“Then” singing is primarily transmitted orally, with Then Masters playing a key role in passing down the songs, stories, and rituals to younger generations.

6. What challenges does “Then” singing face in modern times?

Challenges include modernization, loss of practitioners, cultural assimilation, economic pressures, and a general lack of awareness among the broader population.

7. How can tourists experience “Then” singing respectfully?

Tourists can respectfully experience “Then” singing by learning about the culture, dressing appropriately, asking permission before taking photos, and supporting local communities.

8. What role does “Then” singing play in community life?

“Then” singing fosters community cohesion, preserves cultural identity, provides spiritual connection, and contributes to overall well-being among the Tay, Nung, and Thai people.

9. Can I book a tour to witness “Then” singing through SIXT.VN?

Yes, SIXT.VN offers cultural tours to the northern mountainous regions of Vietnam, providing opportunities to witness “Then” ceremonies and interact with local communities.

10. What makes “Then” singing unique compared to other Vietnamese musical traditions?

“Then” singing is unique due to its spiritual focus, its role as a bridge between the earthly and heavenly realms, and its deep integration into the cultural and spiritual life of the Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups.

Ready to explore the enchanting world of Vietnamese heritage and plan your trip with SIXT.VN? We offer cultural tours, airport transfers, hotel bookings, and expert advice to ensure a seamless and enriching travel experience. Contact us today at Address: 260 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. Hotline/Whatsapp: +84 986 244 358. Visit our website at SIXT.VN to book your adventure now!