What Types of Wood Are Used for Dong Ho Blocks?

Dong Ho woodblock prints, a cherished part of Vietnamese culture, showcase the country’s rich artistic heritage. Wondering about the secret behind these vibrant and meaningful prints? The answer lies in the specific types of wood used to create the blocks. SIXT.VN offers you a gateway to experience this unique art form firsthand, combined with seamless travel arrangements for your unforgettable Vietnam adventure. By understanding the materials and techniques, you’ll gain a deeper appreciation for this traditional craft and discover the convenience and reliability SIXT.VN provides for exploring Vietnamese culture.

1. What is Dong Ho Woodblock Printing?

Dong Ho woodblock printing is a traditional Vietnamese folk art that originated in Dong Ho village, Song Ho commune, Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province, near Hanoi. These prints are renowned for their vibrant colors, simple yet expressive lines, and the cultural stories they depict. Dong Ho paintings are not just decorations; they are reflections of Vietnamese beliefs, customs, and aspirations.

Key aspects of Dong Ho woodblock printing:

• Cultural Significance: Dong Ho paintings hold deep cultural meaning, often depicting scenes from daily life, historical events, or mythical stories.
• Traditional Craft: The process involves intricate wood carving, using specific types of wood to create durable and detailed printing blocks.
• Unique Paper: Giấy Dó paper, made from the bark of the dó tree, is a special element of Dong Ho prints, known for its durability and ability to hold vibrant colors.
• Vibrant Colors: Natural pigments derived from plants and minerals are used to create the vivid colors that characterize Dong Ho paintings.

2. What Role Does Wood Play in Dong Ho Printing?

Wood is fundamental to the creation of Dong Ho prints. The woodblock serves as the matrix from which the images are transferred onto the paper. The selection of wood is vital as it determines the longevity, clarity, and overall quality of the prints.

Importance of wood in Dong Ho printing:

• Creating the Printing Block: The wood must be sturdy enough to withstand repeated use while allowing for intricate carving.
• Durability: The type of wood affects how well the block holds up over time, resisting wear and tear.
• Detail and Precision: The wood’s texture and grain influence the level of detail that can be achieved in the carved design.
• Ink Absorption: The wood needs to interact well with the natural inks to ensure clear and consistent prints.

3. What Types of Wood Are Traditionally Used for Dong Ho Blocks?

The choice of wood is critical in Dong Ho printing, with certain types favored for their unique properties. Traditional artisans often select woods that are fine-grained, durable, and capable of holding intricate designs.

The two main types of wood used are:

3.1. Thị Wood (Diospyros spp.)

Thị wood, belonging to the Diospyros genus, is highly valued for its fine grain, hardness, and durability. These qualities make it ideal for carving intricate details and ensuring the longevity of the printing blocks. Thị wood is a popular choice among Dong Ho artisans because it can withstand the repeated pressure of printing without losing its clarity.

Characteristics of Thị Wood:

• Fine Grain: Allows for detailed and precise carving.
• Hardness: Ensures durability and resistance to wear.
• Longevity: Printing blocks made from Thị wood can last for many years.
• Workability: Easy to carve and shape, making it suitable for intricate designs.

3.2. Gáo Wood (Anthocephalus chinensis)

Gáo wood, sourced from the Anthocephalus chinensis tree, is another common choice for creating Dong Ho printing blocks. Although softer than Thị wood, Gáo wood is lightweight and easy to carve, making it ideal for creating larger blocks and simpler designs. Its relative softness also means that it requires more careful handling to prevent damage.

Characteristics of Gáo Wood:

• Lightweight: Easier to handle, especially for larger blocks.
• Softness: Facilitates easier carving, suitable for less intricate designs.
• Availability: Generally more accessible and cost-effective than Thị wood.
• Good Ink Absorption: Ensures even distribution of ink for clear prints.

4. Are There Other Types of Wood That Can Be Used for Dong Ho Blocks?

While Thị and Gáo wood are the traditional choices, other types of wood can be used for Dong Ho blocks, particularly as artisans adapt to modern techniques and resource availability. These alternatives aim to maintain the quality and integrity of the printing process.

Alternative wood types:

• Mít Wood (Jackfruit Wood): Known for its durability and availability, Mít wood can be a viable option.
• Xoan Wood (Toona sinensis): This wood is relatively soft and easy to carve, making it suitable for detailed work.
• Other Local Hardwoods: Depending on the region, artisans may experiment with other locally available hardwoods that possess similar properties to Thị and Gáo wood.

5. How Does the Wood Selection Affect the Quality of Dong Ho Prints?

The type of wood used significantly impacts the quality, durability, and aesthetic appeal of Dong Ho prints. Each wood type brings unique characteristics that influence the final product.

Impact of wood selection on print quality:

• Detail and Clarity: Fine-grained woods like Thị allow for intricate details, resulting in sharper and more defined prints.
• Durability and Longevity: Hardwoods ensure that the printing blocks can withstand repeated use without degradation.
• Ink Absorption: The wood’s ability to absorb ink evenly affects the vibrancy and consistency of the colors in the print.
• Overall Aesthetic: The wood’s natural grain and texture can add depth and character to the final artwork.

6. What is the Process of Preparing Wood for Dong Ho Printing Blocks?

Preparing the wood for Dong Ho printing blocks involves several meticulous steps to ensure it is suitable for carving and printing.

Steps in preparing wood:

1. Selection: Artisans carefully select wood pieces that are free from knots, cracks, and other imperfections.
2. Seasoning: The wood is seasoned or dried to reduce moisture content, preventing warping or cracking during carving and printing.
3. Planing: The wood is planed to create a smooth, even surface for carving.
4. Smoothing: Further smoothing ensures a flawless surface for transferring the design.
5. Design Transfer: The design is carefully transferred onto the woodblock, ready for carving.

7. What Tools Are Used to Carve Dong Ho Wood Blocks?

The carving of Dong Ho wood blocks requires specialized tools and techniques to achieve the intricate designs.

Essential carving tools:

• Knives: Various sizes for roughing out the design and creating fine details.
• Chisels: Used to remove larger areas of wood and create clean lines.
• Gouges: Curved tools for shaping and sculpting rounded elements.
• Mallets: Used to gently tap the chisels and gouges for precise carving.
• Sharpening Stones: Essential for keeping the tools sharp and maintaining precision.

8. How Do Artisans Carve Intricate Details Into the Wood Blocks?

Carving intricate details into Dong Ho wood blocks is a painstaking process that demands skill, precision, and patience.

Techniques for intricate carving:

• Layered Carving: Artisans carve the design in layers, starting with the larger shapes and gradually adding finer details.
• Relief Carving: The design is carved in relief, with the printing areas raised above the background.
• Negative Space: Careful attention is paid to the negative space around the design to create clear and defined images.
• Sharp Tools: Maintaining sharp tools is crucial for achieving clean lines and intricate details.

9. How Are Different Colors Applied Using Wood Blocks in Dong Ho Printing?

Dong Ho prints are known for their vibrant colors, which are achieved through the use of multiple wood blocks, each corresponding to a different color.

Process of color application:

1. Separate Blocks: A separate wood block is carved for each color in the design.
2. Color Mixing: Natural pigments are mixed with a binder to create the printing inks.
3. Application: Each block is inked and carefully aligned with the paper before being pressed to transfer the color.
4. Layering: The process is repeated for each color, layering the images to create the final print.

10. What Natural Pigments Are Used to Create the Colors in Dong Ho Prints?

The vibrant colors in Dong Ho prints are derived from natural pigments sourced from plants, minerals, and other organic materials.

Common natural pigments:

• Black: Made from burnt rice husks or charcoal.
• Red: Extracted from red laterite soil or sappanwood.
• Yellow: Derived from the flowers of the gardenia plant.
• White: Obtained from ground seashells.
• Green: Extracted from copper acetate or indigo plants.

11. How is Giấy Dó Paper Made and Why is it Important for Dong Ho Prints?

Giấy Dó paper, made from the bark of the dó tree (Rhamnoneuron balansae), is an essential component of Dong Ho prints. Its unique properties contribute to the durability and vibrancy of the artwork.

Production of Giấy Dó paper:

1. Bark Collection: The bark is harvested from dó trees.
2. Soaking: The bark is soaked in lime water for several months to soften the fibers.
3. Pulping: The softened bark is pounded into a pulp using a mortar and pestle.
4. Screening: Thin layers of pulp are screened in bamboo molds.
5. Drying: The paper is dried in the sun.
6. Coating: The paper is coated with a paste made from ground mussel shells (điêp) to enhance its durability and color retention.

Importance of Giấy Dó paper:

• Durability: Withstands humidity and preserves the colors of the prints.
• Texture: Adds a unique texture to the artwork.
• Color Retention: Enhances the vibrancy and longevity of the colors.
• Traditional Significance: Integral to the authenticity and cultural value of Dong Ho prints.

12. How Does the Use of Natural Materials Contribute to the Authenticity of Dong Ho Art?

The use of natural materials, including specific types of wood, Giấy Dó paper, and natural pigments, is fundamental to the authenticity and cultural significance of Dong Ho art.

Contributions of natural materials:

• Traditional Techniques: Using natural materials preserves the traditional techniques passed down through generations.
• Cultural Identity: Natural materials connect the artwork to the local environment and cultural heritage.
• Unique Aesthetic: Natural materials impart a distinctive look and feel to the artwork, setting it apart from modern reproductions.
• Sustainability: Using sustainable natural materials supports environmentally friendly practices.

13. What Are Some Common Themes Depicted in Dong Ho Prints?

Dong Ho prints depict a wide range of themes that reflect Vietnamese culture, beliefs, and daily life.

Common themes:

• Daily Life: Scenes of farming, fishing, and other everyday activities.
• Historical Figures: Depictions of national heroes and historical events.
• Mythical Creatures: Images of dragons, phoenixes, and other mythical beings.
• Animals: Symbolic representations of animals, such as pigs, chickens, and buffaloes.
• Wishes and Blessings: Images symbolizing wishes for prosperity, happiness, and good fortune.
• Moral Lessons: Stories that convey moral values and teachings.

14. Why Are Dong Ho Prints Traditionally Purchased for Tết (Lunar New Year)?

Dong Ho prints are traditionally purchased for Tết (Lunar New Year) to decorate homes and bring good fortune for the coming year.

Reasons for Tết purchases:

• Symbolism: The prints are believed to bring good luck, prosperity, and happiness.
• Decoration: They add color and vibrancy to homes during the festive season.
• Tradition: Purchasing Dong Ho prints is a long-standing tradition that connects families to their cultural heritage.
• Gifts: They are often given as gifts to family and friends as a gesture of goodwill.

15. How Has Dong Ho Printing Evolved Over Time?

Dong Ho printing has evolved over time, adapting to changing social and economic conditions while preserving its traditional essence.

Evolution of Dong Ho printing:

• Decline: The craft declined in the 20th century due to competition from modern printing techniques and changing consumer preferences.
• Revival Efforts: Efforts have been made to revive Dong Ho printing through government support, tourism, and cultural preservation programs.
• Modern Adaptations: Some artisans have experimented with new themes, colors, and techniques to appeal to a wider audience.
• Tourism: Dong Ho village has become a tourist destination, providing a market for traditional prints and supporting local artisans.

16. What Are Some Challenges Faced by Dong Ho Artisans Today?

Dong Ho artisans face numerous challenges in preserving their traditional craft in the modern era.

Challenges:

• Competition: Competition from mass-produced prints and other forms of art.
• Material Costs: Rising costs of natural materials, such as Giấy Dó paper and natural pigments.
• Lack of Training: Limited opportunities for young people to learn the traditional techniques.
• Market Access: Difficulty accessing markets and reaching potential customers.
• Economic Viability: Ensuring the craft is economically sustainable for artisans.

17. How Can Tourists Support the Preservation of Dong Ho Printing?

Tourists can play a vital role in supporting the preservation of Dong Ho printing by visiting Dong Ho village, purchasing prints directly from artisans, and promoting the art form to others.

Ways tourists can help:

• Visit Dong Ho Village: Experience the art form firsthand and support local artisans.
• Purchase Prints: Buy authentic Dong Ho prints directly from the artisans.
• Spread Awareness: Share information about Dong Ho printing with friends and family.
• Participate in Workshops: Learn about the techniques and create your own prints.
• Support Cultural Programs: Donate to organizations that support the preservation of Dong Ho art.

18. What is the Significance of Visiting Dong Ho Village?

Visiting Dong Ho village provides a unique opportunity to witness the traditional art form firsthand, learn about its history and techniques, and support the local artisans.

Benefits of visiting Dong Ho village:

• Cultural Immersion: Experience the authentic cultural heritage of Vietnam.
• Artisan Interaction: Meet the artisans and learn about their craft.
• Demonstrations: Watch demonstrations of the printing process.
• Workshops: Participate in hands-on workshops and create your own prints.
• Economic Support: Contribute to the economic sustainability of the village.

19. What Other Cultural Attractions Are Near Dong Ho Village?

Dong Ho village is located near other cultural attractions in the Bac Ninh province, making it an ideal destination for exploring the rich heritage of the region.

Nearby attractions:

• But Thap Pagoda: A renowned Buddhist temple with intricate architecture and historical significance.
• Do Temple: Dedicated to the Ly Dynasty emperors, featuring impressive structures and cultural artifacts.
• Dau Pagoda: One of the oldest pagodas in Vietnam, with a unique architectural style.
• Folk Music Performances: Experience traditional Quan Ho folk music, a UNESCO-recognized cultural heritage.

20. How Can SIXT.VN Enhance Your Trip to Dong Ho Village and Surrounding Areas?

Planning a trip to Dong Ho village and the surrounding areas can be an enriching cultural experience. SIXT.VN can enhance your journey by providing seamless and reliable travel services.

How SIXT.VN can help:

• Airport Transfers: Ensure a smooth and comfortable arrival with reliable airport transfer services.
• Hotel Bookings: Choose from a wide range of accommodations to suit your budget and preferences.
• Tour Packages: Explore the region with expertly curated tour packages that include transportation, accommodation, and guided tours.
• Car Rental: Enjoy the freedom to explore at your own pace with convenient car rental services.
• Local Insights: Benefit from local insights and recommendations to make the most of your trip.

21. Are There Any Workshops or Classes Available for Learning Dong Ho Printing Techniques?

Yes, there are workshops and classes available for those interested in learning Dong Ho printing techniques. These hands-on experiences provide a unique opportunity to engage with the art form and create your own prints.

Where to find workshops:

• Dong Ho Village: Many artisan families in Dong Ho village offer workshops and demonstrations.
• Cultural Centers: Some cultural centers and art schools in Hanoi and other cities offer classes on traditional Vietnamese art forms, including Dong Ho printing.
• Tourism Agencies: Local tourism agencies can arrange visits to Dong Ho village and include workshops as part of the tour.

22. What Role Does Government Support Play in Preserving Dong Ho Printing?

Government support is crucial for preserving Dong Ho printing and ensuring its survival for future generations.

Government initiatives:

• Financial Assistance: Providing financial support to artisans and workshops.
• Training Programs: Funding training programs to teach young people the traditional techniques.
• Cultural Promotion: Promoting Dong Ho printing through cultural events, exhibitions, and tourism initiatives.
• Heritage Designation: Recognizing Dong Ho printing as a national cultural heritage to protect and preserve it.
• Tourism Development: Investing in tourism infrastructure to attract visitors to Dong Ho village and support the local economy.

23. How Does the Art of Dong Ho Printing Reflect Vietnamese Culture and Values?

The art of Dong Ho printing deeply reflects Vietnamese culture and values, offering insights into the country’s history, beliefs, and way of life.

Reflections of Vietnamese culture:

• Themes: The themes depicted in Dong Ho prints, such as daily life, historical events, and mythical stories, showcase the values and traditions of Vietnamese society.
• Symbolism: The use of symbolic imagery, such as animals and mythical creatures, conveys deeper meanings and cultural significance.
• Natural Materials: The use of natural materials, such as specific types of wood, Giấy Dó paper, and natural pigments, reflects the close connection between Vietnamese people and their environment.
• Artistic Techniques: The meticulous artistic techniques, passed down through generations, demonstrate the value of craftsmanship and dedication.
• Community: The art of Dong Ho printing fosters a sense of community and cultural identity, bringing people together to celebrate their heritage.

24. What Are Some Examples of Famous Dong Ho Prints and Their Meanings?

Several Dong Ho prints are particularly famous for their cultural significance and artistic merit.

Examples of famous prints:

• Đám cưới chuột (The Mouse Wedding): Depicts a wedding procession of mice offering gifts to a cat, symbolizing diplomacy and survival.
• Thầy đồ Cóc (The Toad Scholar): Shows a toad dressed as a scholar, satirizing the education system and social hierarchy.
• Lợn đàn (Pig Herd): Represents wishes for wealth, prosperity, and fertility.
• Gà mẹ con (Mother Hen and Chicks): Symbolizes family harmony and maternal love.
• Hái dừa (Coconut Harvesting): Depicts a man cutting coconuts and a woman catching them, symbolizing fertility and abundance.

25. How Has Tourism Impacted Dong Ho Village and the Production of Dong Ho Prints?

Tourism has had a significant impact on Dong Ho village and the production of Dong Ho prints, bringing both opportunities and challenges.

Positive impacts:

• Economic Support: Tourism provides a market for traditional prints, supporting local artisans and their families.
• Cultural Preservation: Increased awareness and appreciation of Dong Ho printing help preserve the art form for future generations.
• Infrastructure Development: Tourism can lead to improvements in infrastructure, such as roads, accommodations, and visitor facilities.
• Revival of Craft: The demand for Dong Ho prints from tourists has encouraged artisans to revive and continue their craft.

Negative impacts:

• Commercialization: The focus on tourism can lead to the commercialization of the art form, with mass-produced prints that lack the quality and authenticity of traditional works.
• Loss of Tradition: Some artisans may compromise on traditional techniques and materials to meet the demands of the tourist market.
• Environmental Impact: Increased tourism can have a negative impact on the environment, such as pollution and waste.

26. What Are Some Sustainable Tourism Practices That Can Help Protect Dong Ho Printing?

Sustainable tourism practices are essential for protecting Dong Ho printing and ensuring its long-term viability.

Sustainable practices:

• Support Local Artisans: Purchase prints directly from the artisans to ensure they receive fair prices.
• Respect Cultural Traditions: Be mindful of local customs and traditions when visiting Dong Ho village.
• Choose Eco-Friendly Accommodations: Stay in accommodations that prioritize sustainability and minimize their environmental impact.
• Reduce Waste: Minimize waste by bringing your own reusable water bottles, shopping bags, and other items.
• Learn About the Art Form: Educate yourself about Dong Ho printing and share your knowledge with others.
• Participate in Responsible Tours: Choose tour operators that are committed to sustainable tourism practices.

27. How Can You Distinguish Authentic Dong Ho Prints from Imitations?

Distinguishing authentic Dong Ho prints from imitations requires careful observation and attention to detail.

Characteristics of authentic prints:

• Giấy Dó Paper: Authentic prints are made on Giấy Dó paper, which has a unique texture and durability.
• Natural Pigments: The colors in authentic prints are derived from natural pigments, which have a distinctive vibrancy and depth.
• Intricate Details: Authentic prints feature intricate details and precise carving, reflecting the skill and craftsmanship of the artisans.
• Handmade Quality: Authentic prints are handmade, with slight variations that add to their unique character.
• Artisan Signature: Many authentic prints are signed by the artisan, indicating their authenticity.

28. What is the Future of Dong Ho Printing in the Face of Modernization?

The future of Dong Ho printing in the face of modernization depends on the ability to balance tradition and innovation, preserve cultural heritage, and adapt to changing market conditions.

Strategies for the future:

• Preserve Traditional Techniques: Maintain the traditional techniques and materials that make Dong Ho printing unique.
• Promote Innovation: Encourage artisans to experiment with new themes, colors, and techniques to appeal to a wider audience.
• Educate Future Generations: Train young people in the traditional techniques to ensure the craft is passed down to future generations.
• Support Sustainable Tourism: Develop sustainable tourism practices that benefit the local community and protect the environment.
• Foster Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between artisans, cultural organizations, and government agencies to support the preservation and promotion of Dong Ho printing.

29. What Role Do Museums and Cultural Institutions Play in Preserving Dong Ho Printing?

Museums and cultural institutions play a crucial role in preserving Dong Ho printing by showcasing its history, techniques, and cultural significance.

Contributions of museums:

• Exhibitions: Organize exhibitions to display Dong Ho prints and educate the public about the art form.
• Collections: Preserve and protect collections of Dong Ho prints for future generations.
• Educational Programs: Offer educational programs, such as lectures, workshops, and demonstrations, to teach people about Dong Ho printing.
• Research: Conduct research on the history, techniques, and cultural significance of Dong Ho printing.
• Collaboration: Collaborate with artisans and cultural organizations to support the preservation and promotion of Dong Ho printing.

30. How Can Technology Be Used to Promote and Preserve Dong Ho Printing?

Technology can be used in various ways to promote and preserve Dong Ho printing, reaching wider audiences and supporting the artisans.

Technological applications:

• Online Marketplaces: Create online marketplaces to sell Dong Ho prints directly to customers around the world.
• Virtual Museums: Develop virtual museums to showcase the history, techniques, and cultural significance of Dong Ho printing.
• Educational Apps: Design educational apps to teach people about the art form and its cultural context.
• Digital Archives: Create digital archives of Dong Ho prints to preserve them for future generations.
• Social Media Marketing: Use social media to promote Dong Ho printing and connect with potential customers and supporters.

By understanding the intricate details of Dong Ho woodblock printing, from the specific types of wood used to the vibrant natural pigments, you can truly appreciate the artistry and cultural significance of this traditional craft. Let SIXT.VN be your trusted partner in exploring the rich cultural tapestry of Vietnam. We offer a range of services, including airport transfers, hotel bookings, and curated tour packages, ensuring a seamless and enriching travel experience.

Don’t miss the opportunity to witness this unique art form firsthand. Book your trip with SIXT.VN today and embark on an unforgettable adventure to Dong Ho village and beyond. Our reliable services and local expertise will help you uncover the hidden gems of Vietnam while supporting the preservation of its cultural heritage.

Ready to explore the world of Dong Ho woodblock printing with SIXT.VN?

• Visit our website: SIXT.VN
• Contact our hotline/WhatsApp: +84 986 244 358
• Visit our office: 260 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Discover the beauty and tradition of Dong Ho printing with SIXT.VN – your gateway to an authentic Vietnamese experience.
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FAQ about Dong Ho Woodblock Printing

Q1: What makes Dong Ho woodblock printing unique?

Dong Ho woodblock printing stands out due to its use of natural materials like Giấy Dó paper and natural pigments, its traditional themes reflecting Vietnamese culture, and the intricate hand-carved woodblocks used for printing.

Q2: How long does it take to create a Dong Ho print?

The time to create a Dong Ho print varies depending on the complexity of the design and the number of colors involved. It can take several days to carve the woodblocks and several more to print the final artwork.

Q3: Are Dong Ho prints still being made today?

Yes, Dong Ho prints are still being made today, although the number of artisans practicing the craft has declined. Efforts are being made to revive and preserve this traditional art form.

Q4: Where can I buy authentic Dong Ho prints?

You can buy authentic Dong Ho prints directly from artisans in Dong Ho village or from reputable art galleries and cultural centers in Vietnam. SIXT.VN can help you plan a visit to Dong Ho village to purchase prints and meet the artisans.

Q5: Can I visit Dong Ho village as a tourist?

Yes, Dong Ho village is open to tourists and offers a unique opportunity to experience the art of woodblock printing firsthand. SIXT.VN provides tour packages that include transportation, accommodation, and guided tours of the village.

Q6: What is the best time of year to visit Dong Ho village?

The best time to visit Dong Ho village is before Tết (Lunar New Year), when the village is bustling with activity as artisans prepare for the festive season.

Q7: Are there any cultural festivals related to Dong Ho printing?

While there isn’t a specific festival dedicated solely to Dong Ho printing, the art form is often showcased during cultural events and festivals in the Bac Ninh province.

Q8: How can I learn more about Dong Ho printing?

You can learn more about Dong Ho printing by visiting museums and cultural centers in Vietnam, reading books and articles about the art form, and attending workshops and demonstrations.

Q9: What are some common symbols used in Dong Ho prints?

Common symbols used in Dong Ho prints include animals, mythical creatures, and scenes from daily life, each conveying specific meanings and cultural significance.

Q10: How does SIXT.VN support cultural tourism in Vietnam?

SIXT.VN supports cultural tourism in Vietnam by providing reliable transportation, comfortable accommodations, and expertly curated tour packages that highlight the country’s rich cultural heritage, including destinations like Dong Ho village. According to research from the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, in 2023, cultural tourism provided a significant boost to local economies, with an increase in tourist spending of 15%.